EFFECT OF TREHALOSE ON THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND TPGS MIXTURES

The freeze-dried liposome as immunological adjuvant/vaccine delivery systems is one of recent articular interest in the area. DDA is one of the articular interests in immunological adjuvant materials. DDA is a quarterammonium compound with long chain alkyl groups that contribute to its lipophilic properties. It also comprises dimethylammounium headgroup (positively charged) that is attached to the two carbon alkyl chains and contributes to its hydrophilic properties. Both properties of DDA make it suitable for such application in the preparation of cationic liposomes [1-3]. However, DDA liposomes have some drawbacks such as physical instability, as they are easily aggregate in presence of small amounts of salt or even in pure water [7, 8]. As water has been considered as an ideal dispersion medium, then improving DDA formulations is still challenging. This project focuses on the development of potential new formulations of lyophilized liposomes as immunological adjuvant in vaccine delivery system and in-vestigations based on their physicochemical characteristics. Lyoprotectant, i.e. trehalose and membrane stabilizer, i.e. TPGS (D-alpha tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) were used in the freeze-dried liposome. formulations

PHOSPHOLIPID COMPLEX AS A CARRIER OF KAEMPFERIA GALANGA RHIZOME EXTRACT TO IMPROVE ITS ANALGESIC ACTIVITY

Preparation of phospholipid complex of Kaempferia galangarhizome extract using phosphatidylcholine was intended toimprove the bioavailability of its constituents.  Characteristics and analgesic activity of the extract  and its marker compound, ethyl p‐methoxycinnamate (EPMS), were compared to their phospholipid complex (F.Extract and F.EPMS). Characteristics of the free form and their complexes were analysed by DTA and SEM. Their analgesic activity was determined using writhing test. The complex showed a better analgesic activity compared to the free form of both extract and EPMS at an equivalent dosage

Current prospects and future challenges for nasal vaccine delivery

Nasal delivery offers many benefits over traditional approaches to vaccine administration. These include ease of administration without needles that reduces issues associated with needlestick injuries and disposal. Additionally, this route offers easy access to a key part of the immune system that can stimulate other mucosal sites throughout the body. Increased acceptance of nasal vaccine products in both adults and children has led to a burgeoning pipeline of nasal delivery technology. Key challenges and opportunities for the future will include translating in vivo data to clinical outcomes. Particular focus should be brought to designing delivery strategies that take into account the broad range of diseases, populations and healthcare delivery settings that stand to benefit from this unique mucosal route

Campuran Ekstrak Herbal Mengandung Pegagan (Centella asiatica), Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) dan Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) Sebagai Antituberculosis

Tuberkulosis (TB ) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang mendunia. Penyakit yang disebabkan infeksi kuman Mycobacterium tuberculosis ini menjadi “ pembunuli" nomor satu untuk kategori penyakit infeksi. Di Indonesia TBC merupakan penyebab kematian utama dan angka kesakitan dengan urutan teratas setelah ISPA. Indonesia menduduki urutan ketiga setelah India dan China dalam jumlah penderita TBC di dunia. Jumlah penderita TBC paru dari tahun ke tahun di Indonesia terus meningkat. Saat ini setiap menit muncul satu penderita bam TBC paru, dan setiap dua menit muncul satu penderita bam TBC pam yang menular. Bahkan setiap empat menit sekali satu orang meninggal akibat TBC di Indonesia

Formula Analgesik Topikal Berbasis Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) Terstandar dan Proses Pembuatannya

Kencur adalah tanaman yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia dan telah lama dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan ramuan obat traditional untuk mengobati pegal linu dan rematik, baik digunakan dengan cara diminum maupun dioleskan pada daerah yang sakit. Rimpang kencur diketahui mempunyai kandungan senyawa etil p-metoksi sinamat dalam jumlah yang besar. Senyawa etil p-metoksi sinamat (EPMS) diketahui mempunyai aktivitas analgesik dan antiinflamasi melalui mekanisme Cyclooxigenase-2(COX-2). Kandungan lain yang juga terdapat dalam rimpang kencur yaitu asam p-metoksi sinamat (APMS) telah dibuktikan mempunyai aktivitas analgesik topikal

Formula Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galangal L) sebagai Obat Herbal Terstandar Analgesik Topikal

Kencur adalah tanaman yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia dan telah lama dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan ramuan obat traditional untuk mengobati pegal linu dan rematik, baik digunakan dengan cara diminum maupun dioleskan pada daerah yang sakit. Rimpang kencur diketahui mempunyai kandungan senyawa etil p-metoksi sinamat dalam jumlah yang besar. Senyawa etil p-metoksi sinamat (EPMS) diketahui mempunyai aktivitas analgesik dan antiinflamasi melalui mekanisme Cyclooxigenase-2(COX-2). Kandungan lain yang juga terdapat dalam rimpang kencur yaitu asam p-metoksi sinamat (APMS) telah dibuktikan mempunyai aktivitas analgesik topikal

Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose - Garcinia mangostana Extract as Anti Breast Cancer Biofilm Candidate

In Indonesia, breast cancer is noted as the most common cancer in women. Accordingly, this research was conducted to synthesize biofilm from bacterial cellulose by adding ethanol extract of mangosteen peel. The pellicle of bacterial cellulose was soaked in a 100 mL ethanol solution of mangosteen peel extract varied by 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% v/v. The samples were characterized using the SEM, FTIR, and MTT Assay using the T47D breast cancer cells. The results using the SEM showed the thickness of the bacterial cellulose biofilm samples was 5.63 µm, while the 2% v/v thickness of the bacterial cellulose of the extract of mangosteen peel biofilm samples was 12.2 µm. The FTIR results showed a weak interaction between the O-H groups of the microbial cellulose and the C=C functional group in the phenolic compounds of the mangosteen peel extract. Based on the MTT Assay test results using the T47D breast cancer cells, the highest percentage of cell death result was 25.47% on the 2% v/v bacterial cellulose of the mangosteen peel extract samples. The Garcinia mangostana extracts added in the bacterial cellulose biofilms still required optimal concentrations in order to become potential killing mechanism for the T47D breast cancer cells

Synthesis and Characterization of Injectable Hydrogels with Varying Collagen–Chitosan–Thymosin β4 Composition for Myocardial Infarction Therapy

Thirty percent of global mortalities are caused by cardiovascular disease, and 54% of the aforementioned amount is instigated by ischemic heart disease that triggered myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction is due to blood flow cessation in certain coronary arteries that causes lack of oxygen (ischemia) and stimulates myocardial necrosis. One of the methods to treat myocardial infarction consists in injecting cells or active biomolecules and biomaterials into heart infarction locations. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of a collagen–chitosan-based hydrogel with variations in its chitosan composition. The prepared hydrogels contained thymosin �4 (T�4), a 43-amino acid peptide with angiogenic and cardioprotective properties which can act as a bioactive molecule for the treatment of myocardial infarction. A morphological structure analysis showed that the hydrogels lacked interconnecting pores. All samples were not toxic on the basis of a cytotoxicity test. A histopathological anatomy test showed that the collagen–chitosan–thymosin �4 hydrogels could stimulate angiogenesis and epicardial heart cell migration, as demonstrated by the evaluation of the number of blood vessels and the infiltration extent of myofibroblasts

Physical Characteristics of Liposomal Formulation Dispersed in HPMC Matrix and Freeze-Dried Using Maltodextrin and Mannitol as Lyoprotectant

Background: The present study aims to design formulation of liposomes that are well-preserved during freeze-drying. The combination of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as dispersion matrix and lyoprotectants; maltodextrin or mannitol, was employed to prevent aggregation and/or recrystallization. The obtained dry products were investigated in terms of their physical characteristics. Methods: Liposomes were prepared using thin film method and hydrated with the lyoprotectant solution. The formed liposomes were mixed with HPMC gel and freeze-dried. The obtained solid products were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The DSC thermograms of formulations with maltodextrin were relatively homogenous, yet exhibiting meta-stable properties. In contrast, the formulations using mannitol showed phase separation. These results were confirmed by XRD data, in which formulations with maltodextrin showed no intensive peaks, indicating amorphous solid while the formulations with mannitol exhibited more intensive peaks, indicating the presence of crystalline solids. The SEM images of both maltodextrin and mannitol-containing formulations showed porous matrix with spherical liposomes trapped in the matrices. The SEM images also correspond to the DSC and XRD data, where crystalline solid existed in the mannitol-containing formula. Conclusion: The developed liposomes formulation using combination of HPMC matrix and maltodextrin showed potential in preserving liposomes structure, contrary to those of using mannitol

Physical Characterization of Liposomes Formulation Lyophilized in the Presence of Disaccharide and HPMC as Dispersed Matrix

The present study focuses on characterization the physical properties of liposome formulation which was dispersed in HPMC matrix and lyophilized in the presence of disaccharides. The lyophilized formulations featured cationic dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) to produce dry solid and overcome limitations in terms of detrimental phase separation in phospholipid membranes during production process. Disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose, have been reported to protect phospholipid membranes during drying, while HPMC was used as dispersed matrix to inhibit recrystallization of disaccharide. Their physical properties were characterized including their morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), crystallinity using x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and solid phase separation using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). On the basis of these evaluations it was found that the presence of sucrose and HPMC in the formulation showed a miscible mixture and relatively less crystalline-forming properties compared to those using lactose, thus potentially construct a stable dried liposomal formulation. The present study reveals prospective advantages of using combination of sucrose and HPMC in development of dried–DDA liposomal formulation