The Role of Viperin in the Innate Antiviral Response

AbstractViral infection of the cell is able to initiate a signaling cascade of events that ultimately attempts to limit viral replication and prevent escalating infection through expression of host antiviral proteins. Recent work has highlighted the importance of the host antiviral protein viperin in this process, with its ability to limit a large variety of viral infections as well as play a role in the production of type I interferon and the modulation of a number of transcription factor binding sites. Viperin appears to have the ability to modulate varying conditions within the cell and to interfere with proviral host proteins in its attempts to create an unfavorable environment for viral replication. The study of the mechanistic actions of viperin has come a long way in recent years, describing important functional domains of the protein for its antiviral and immune modulator actions as well as demonstrating its role as a member of the radical SAM enzyme family. However, despite the rapid expansion of knowledge regarding the functions of this highly conserved and ancient antiviral protein, there still remains large gaps in our understanding of the precise mechanisms at play for viperin to exert such a wide variety of roles within the cell

The first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an Australian raven (Corvus coronoides)

Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of an Australian raven (Corvus coronoides). The mitogenome of C. coronoides was characterised as a circular molecule of 16,925 bp in length encoding a typically conserved structure similar to those of other Corvidae. It consisted of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, with all protein-coding sequences commencing with methionine. The lengths of 12S ribosomal RNA and 16S ribosomal RNA were 980 bp and 1600 bp, respectively, and were located between tRNA-Phe and tRNA-Leu. The overall base composition of the mitogenome of C. coronoides was slightly higher AT (56.0%) content than GC (44.0%). A phylogenetic tree using available complete mitogenome sequences of the family Corvidae revealed a close evolutionary relationship of C. coronoides with the now extinct Chatham raven (C. moriorum), a large songbird that was native to the Chatham Islands east of New Zealand

Identification of beak and feather disease virus in an unusual novel host (Merops ornatus) using nested PCR

The complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) was discovered from a rainbow bee-eater (Merops ornatus), a species of Coraciiformes. The genome consisted of 1,996 bp encoding two major bidirectional transcribed open reading frames. This is the first evidence of BFDV infection and complete genome characterization for this novel host species

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an Endangered powerful owl (Ninox strenua)

In this paper, the complete mitochondrial genome of an Endangered Ninox strenua is sequenced and reported for the first time. The mitogenome of N. strenua is a circular molecule of 16,206 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and a control region (D-loop). All the genes in N. strenua are distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes, which are encoded on the L-strand. Phylogenetic analysis using an available mitogenome of Strigidae family revealed a close evolutionary relationship of N. strenua with N. novaeseelandiae, a Tasmanian spotted owl found throughout the Australasia

Adenoviruses in Avian Hosts: Recent Discoveries Shed New Light on Adenovirus Diversity and Evolution

While adenoviruses cause infections in a wide range of vertebrates, members of the genus Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Aviadenovirus predominantly infect avian hosts. Several recent studies on avian adenoviruses have encouraged us to re-visit previously proposed adenovirus evolutionary concepts. Complete genomes and partial DNA polymerase sequences of avian adenoviruses were extracted from NCBI and analysed using various software. Genomic analyses and constructed phylogenetic trees identified the atadenovirus origin from an Australian native passerine bird in contrast to the previously established reptilian origin. In addition, we demonstrated that the theories on higher AT content in atadenoviruses are no longer accurate and cannot be considered as a species demarcation criterion for the genus Atadenovirus. Phylogenetic reconstruction further emphasised the need to reconsider siadenovirus origin, and we recommend extended studies on avian adenoviruses in wild birds to provide finer evolutionary resolution

Characterization of the first mitochondrial genome of a little Corella (Cacatua sanguinea) and its phylogenetic implications

This study was designed to sequence the first complete mitochondrial genome from a little corella (Cacatua sanguinea). The mitogenome sequence was circular and 16,695 bp in length. In comparison to other available mitogenome sequences belongs to Psittacidae species, this mitogenome encoded a conserved structure consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes. The lengths of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA were 975 bp and 1582 bp, respectively. The overall base composition of the mitogenome of C. sanguinea was dominated by higher AT (53.0%) than GC (47.0%) content. The complete mitogenome sequence determined in this study is useful for understanding the more profound evolutionary history and the conservation of C. sanguinea

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of an Australian little penguin (Eudyptula minor novaehollandia, J.R. Forster, 1781)

In this paper, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of an Australian little penguin (Eudyptula minor novaehollandia). The mitogenome sequence has been found to be circular, and 17,608 bp in length. Similar to other Spheniscidae species, the genome encoded a typically conserved structure consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, as well as all protein coding sequences started with methionine. The lengths of 12S ribosomal RNA and 16S ribosomal RNA were 977 bp and 1612 bp, respectively, and were located between tRNA-Phe and tRNA-Leu. The overall base composition of the mitogenome of E. minor novaehollandia had slightly higher AT (55.5%) content than GC (45.5%). The complete mitogenome sequence determined in this study would be useful to track the deeper evolutionary history and conservation of E. minor novaehollandia

The first complete mitogenome of red-bellied parrot (Poicephalus rufiventris) resolves phylogenetic status within Psittacidae

This paper describes the genomic architecture of a complete mitogenome from a red-bellied parrot (Poicephalus rufiventris). The mitogenome sequence was circular and 15,524 bp in length. Compared to other Psittacidae species, the genome encoded a conserved structure consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 21 tRNA genes, and two control regions, however, the mitogenome was missing a part of control region and a tRNA-Leu. The lengths of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA were 975 bp and 1569 bp, respectively. The overall base composition of the mitogenome of P. rufiventris was dominated by higher AT (51.6%) than GC (48.4%) content. The complete mitogenome sequence determined in this study would be useful to track the deeper evolutionary history and the conservation of P. rufiventris

The first complete mitogenome of Indian ringneck (Psittacula krameri) demonstrates close phylogenetic relationship with Eclectus parrot

This study was aimed to sequence the first complete mitochondrial genome from an Indian ringneck parrot (Psittacula krameri). The mitogenome sequence was circular and 16,413 bp in length. In comparison to other available mitogenome sequences belonging to Psittacidae species, this mitogenome encoded a conserved structure consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 21 tRNA genes and a control region; however, this mitogenome missing a tRNA-Glu. The lengths of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA were 975 bp and 1582 bp, respectively. The overall base composition of the mitogenome of P. krameri was dominated by higher AT (53.5%) than GC (46.5%) content. The complete mitogenome sequence determined in this study would be useful to track the more profound evolutionary history and the conservation of P. krameri

Characterization of a Complete Genome Sequence of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus from an Adult Woman in Australia

The complete genome sequence of molluscum contagiosum virus 1 (MOCV1) isolate NT2017 was sequenced from a tissue sample from an Australian woman. The genome consisted of 185,655 bp encoding 169 predicted open reading frames. Phylogenetically, isolate NT2017 was most closely related to an MOCV1 strain from Slovenia