Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its subtypes in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study cohort.

AIMS: We investigated the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its subtypes according to the original (MCI-original) and modified (MCI-modified; neglecting cognitive complaints) Petersen criteria. METHODS: 4,145 subjects (aged 50-80 years) from a German population-based study completed a cognitive screening test and were poststratified into 2 groups with sample sizes of 1,125 for impaired and 3,020 for age-appropriate performance. Random samples of 445 impaired participants and 211 age-appropriate participants received a detailed neuropsychological evaluation. The prevalence of MCI was estimated by a bias correction estimator based on stratum weights. The association between MCI and age, gender and education was analyzed in a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The estimated MCI prevalence was 7.8% (95% CI: 5.7-9.9%) for the original, and 12.1% (95% CI: 9.8-14.4%) for the modified criteria. In the MCI-original group, amnestic MCI subtypes were slightly less common than non-amnestic MCI subtypes (3.5 vs. 4.3%). MCI-original was associated with lower education and older age. In the MCI-modified group, the amnestic subtypes were more common than the non-amnestic MCI subtypes (7.8 vs. 4.3%), and MCI was associated with age, gender and education. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence rates of MCI are high in the general population and vary considerably according to the criteria applied

Are symptoms of depression more common in diabetes? Results from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study.

AIMS: To estimate the association between depressive symptoms and Type 2 diabetes, as well as previously undetected diabetes, in a large population-based sample in Germany and to determine associated variables. METHODS: We used baseline data on 4595 participants (age 45-75 years, 50.2% women) from the German Heinz Nixdorf Recall study, a population-based, prospective cohort study which started in 2000. Diabetes mellitus was assessed by self report (physician diagnosis or medication), undiagnosed diabetes based on blood glucose levels. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale short form (cut-off >or= 15 points). We fitted multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of diagnosed and previously undetected diabetes was 9.3% (95% confidence interval 8.2-11.6) and 7.6% (6.6-8.8) in men and 6.0% (5.1-7.1) and 3.2% (2.5-4.0) in women, respectively. Compared with non-diabetic women, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was not significantly different in diabetic women (age-adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval 1.48; 0.98-2.24) and women with undiagnosed diabetes (0.67; 0.33-1.36). In men, the prevalence of depressive symptoms tended to be lower in diabetic than in non-diabetic subjects (0.62; 0.35-1.09), but the depressive symptoms were significantly less frequent in men with undiagnosed diabetes (0.30; 0.13-0.70). The pattern remained after further adjustment. Significant associations with depressive symptoms were found for co-morbidities and living without a partner in both women and in men, and for body mass index and activity level in women only. CONCLUSIONS: After adjustment for relevant covariates, the association between depressive symptoms and Type 2 diabetes was heterogenous in our population-based study. In subjects with undiagnosed diabetes, however, depressive symptoms were less frequent in men. Co-morbidities and psychosocial conditions are strongly associated with depressive symptoms