Evolution of Criminal Law: The Rise and Fall of Treason, Sodomy and Adultery

This dissertation relates to treason and sodomy crimes that were fundamental in all pre-modern societies (also adultery but to a lesser extent). These laws, characterized by their biblical source, have met their demise in modern Western societies. The rise of individual rights led to significant changes in these crimes and eventually to their demise. As discussed below, the demise has become so substantial that the antiquated crime of sodomy, termed the crime against nature, is a modern source of pride, and actions like those of January 6, 2021, that would have been considered treason in prior generations are no longer charged as treason. Chapter One: Dying Criminal Laws: Sodomy and Adultery From the Bible toDemise analyzes the rise and fall of sodomy and adultery. The original legal basis for punishing sodomy and adultery was due to a breach in the duty of loyalty owed to God (i.e. sin) or the state. However, the loosening of the bonds of loyalty in present day Western criminal law has led to the demise of these crimes. Their demise has correlated with the rise of individual rights, especially the right to privacy. As such, the demise of sodomy and adultery laws is symbolic of the shift from a duty-based to a rights-based society. Chapter Two: The Genesis of Treason: The Creation of Equality and TheEstablishment of the Patriarchy analyzes the biblical source of treason. The roots of treason reach back to the Bible. Treason against God’s divine right kings was acrime because it was an assault against the heavenly order. Petit treason was also an attack on God’s order. The initial chapters of the book of Genesis contain the foundation of the law oftreason. The treasons of Adam and Eve, Cain, the Sons of God, Ham, and Nimrod each relate to different aspects of both high and petit treason. The dissertation also analyzes the place of treason during the reign of Saul and David as Kings of Israel. According to the Book of Samuel, neither Saul's indeterminate use of treason nor the virtually nonexistent use of treason by David is the right path. Rather, a determinant form of treason that punishes actual treason but does not punish all forms of opposition is appropriate. Chapter Three: The Rise and Fall of High Treason and The Correlation with PetitTreason Infallible Relationships: From Edward III to The Execution of Charles I And Lessons For Modern Treason in the Age of Charles III traces the roots of treason as a crime in Anglo-American law, the expansion of treason during Henry VIII’s reign, up to the conviction of King Charles I for high treason. Henry VIII enacted multiple amendments to the law of high treason and did nothesitate to utilize treason as a weapon in his battle for supremacy against the Pope in England. Compared with Henry and his children, James I endeavored to use the law of high treason sparingly. Treason underwent a fundamental transformation during Charles I’s reign thatultimately led to a civil war and Parliament transforming treason from a statute that protected the King into a law that protected the nation. This was done by rejecting the King’s special status and invoking the transformative idea of a social contractbetween the nation and the people. In short, a transformation from status to contract. The changes at the dawn of treason have continued to the present day, and treason,the crime that protects the hierarchy of society, has not been invoked in the US and UK since the end of World War II. The failed South African treason trial against Nelson Mandela and the Civil and Woman’s Rights Movements appear to have led to treason’s demise in cases that do not involve armed warfare. Despite the renewed interest in treason following the assault on the US Capital on January 6, 2021, there does not appear to be an appetite for reviving treason. In the age of Charles III, the most severe crime for a march like Charles I’s “warlike march” on Parliament is seditious conspiracy

Pharmacological Topical Therapy for Intra-Oral Post Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain: A Comprehensive Review

Background: The efficacy of topical treatments in alleviating neuropathic pain is well-established. However, there is a paucity of research on topical interventions designed specifically for intra-oral application, where the tissue composition differs from that of exposed skin. Methods: This comprehensive review endeavors to assess the extant evidence regarding the efficacy of topical treatments in addressing neuropathic pain within the oral cavity. Utilizing combinations of search terms, we conducted a thorough search across standard electronic bibliographic databases—MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar, and Up to Date. The variables under scrutiny encompassed topical treatment, local intervention, chronic oral and orofacial pain, and neuropathic pain. All pertinent studies published in the English language between 1992 and 2022 were included in our analysis. Results: Fourteen relevant manuscripts were identified, primarily consisting of expert opinions and case reports. The comprehensive review suggests that topical treatments, especially when applied under a stent, could be effective in mitigating neuropathic pain in the oral area. However, it is crucial to conduct further studies to confirm these preliminary results. The limitations of the reviewed studies, mainly the reliance on expert opinions, small sample sizes, inconsistent study designs, and a lack of long-term follow-up data, highlight the need for more rigorous research. Conclusions: Although initial findings indicate topical treatments may be effective for oral neuropathic pain, the limitations of current studies call for more thorough research. Further comprehensive studies are essential to validate the efficacy of these treatments, standardize procedures, and determine long-term results. This will provide clearer guidance for treating chronic neuropathic pain in the oral cavity

Impact of non-compliance on outcome after pediatric kidney transplantation: An analysis in racial subgroups

Renal transplantation is the therapy of choice for children with end-stage renal disease. Despite excellent patient survival, long-term graft survival is poor, especially in the African-American (AA) population. This article addresses non-compliance as a major cause of late-term graft loss in the pediatric population. Between July 1995 and September 2002, a total of 50 pediatric kidney transplants were performed at our institution. We have analyzed data for 44 of these kidney transplants. Twelve recipients were AA, 14 Caucasian (C) and 18 Hispanic (H). The remaining six patients of different racial origin were not included in this analysis. The mean age of the recipients was 10.9 yr (range 1.7-17.8). Thirty-one were cadaveric and 13 were living donor transplants. We analyzed creatinine level and graft and patient survival at 1, 3 and 5 yr post-transplant. Compliance was evaluated based on trends in cyclosporine levels, attendance to clinic visits, individual interviews and unexplained late graft dysfunction. One- and 3-yr patient survival rates were 100% for all racial groups, except the 3-yr patient survival rate for C, which was 86%. One and 3-yr graft survival rates for AA, C and H were 92 and 67%, 86 and 79% and 100 and 100%, respectively. However, at 5 yr, we found that AA recipients had a significantly higher rate of graft loss when compared to both H and C recipients (42 vs. 95 vs. 71%, respectively). Non-compliance was the main factor, accounting for 71% of cases of late graft loss. In conclusion, non-compliance is a problem of great importance in the pediatric transplant population, particularly in AA recipients, where it plays a major role in late-term graft loss

THE ASSOCIATION OF AN INCREASED URINARY CALCIUM-TO- CREATININE RATIO, AND ASYMPTOMATIC GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC HEMATURIA IN CHILDREN

The role of hypercalciuria for the evaluation of unexplained asymptomatic gross and microscopic hematuria in children remains unclear, as evidenced by conflicting reports in the literature. We study the function of hypercalciuria in these patients, and determine whether routine evaluation of urine for hypercalciuria and treatment with thiazide diuretics, based on the results of a urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio, is necessary. We also wanted to compare the yield of a urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio in patients with gross and microscopic hematuria subgroups. Between 1991 and 1998 we treated 96 patients with microscopic hematuria (group 1) and 46 with gross hematuria (group 2). All patients had isolated unexplained hematuria. Patients with organic and anatomical causes, including urinary tract infection and other urinary symptoms, were excluded from the study. Nephrological urine and serum analyses in patients with hematuria were otherwise normal, as were all imaging studies. Group 1 included 50 males and 46 females, with a mean age of 7.6 years (range 1 to 14), and a spot urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio was done in 79. Group 2 included 35 males and 11 females, with a mean age of 8.5 years (range 8 months to 14 years), and a spot urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio was done in 43. A ratio of 0.2 or greater was considered hypercalciuria. The season of presentation was noted to determine any pattern. There were no seasonal variations regarding presentation. Followup of 34 patients in group 1 and 15 group 2, with a mean followup of 10.6 months (range 1 month to 8 years), was available. A total of 28 (82.3%) patients in group 1 and 15 (71.4%) group 2 had complete resolution of hematuria. However, there were 6 patients in both groups who had persistent hematuria but remained totally asymptomatic. Hydrochlorothiazide was used in only 2 patients in group 1 and 1 group 2 due to intractable hematuria on expectant management, a markedly increased urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio and positive family history of urolithiasis. Although we cannot establish a direct cause and effect relationship, hypercalciuria is detected in a substantial number of cases of unexplained gross and microscopic hematuria. However, based on our study we do not recommend treatment with thiazide diuretics in all patients diagnosed with hypercalciuria, as hematuria resolved in a majority with observation or expectant treatment and minor dietary modification. We reserve treatment with thiazide diuretics only for those patients with intractable hematuria, a markedly increased urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio and family history of urolithiasi

Salivary Endocannabinoid Profiles in Chronic Orofacial Pain and Headache Disorders: An Observational Study Using a Novel Tool for Diagnosis and Management

The endocannabinoid system is involved in physiological and pathological processes, including pain generation, modulation, and sensation. Its role in certain types of chronic orofacial pain (OFP) has not been thoroughly examined. By exploring the profiles of specific salivary endocannabinoids (eCBs) in individuals with different types of OFP, we evaluated their use as biomarkers and the influence of clinical parameters and pain characteristics on eCB levels. The salivary levels of anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), and their endogenous breakdown product arachidonic acid (AA), as well as the eCB-like molecules N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA), were assessed in 83 OFP patients and 43 pain-free controls using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Patients were grouped by diagnosis: post-traumatic neuropathy (PTN), trigeminal neuralgia (TN), temporomandibular disorder (TMD), migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Correlation analyses between a specific diagnosis, pain characteristics, and eCB levels were conducted. Significantly lower levels of 2-AG were found in the TN and TTH groups, while significantly lower PEA levels were found in the migraine group. BMS was the only group with elevated eCBs (AEA) versus the control. Significant correlations were found between levels of specific eCBs and gender, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), BMI, pain duration, and sleep awakenings. In conclusion, salivary samples exhibited signature eCBs profiles for major OFP disorders, especially migraine, TTH, TN, and BMS. This finding may pave the way for using salivary eCBs biomarkers for more accurate diagnoses and management of chronic OFP patients