The Effect a Novel Outdoor Environment on the Behavior of Chimpanzees in a Sanctuary Setting

The presence of species-typical behavior is considered an indicator of captive animal welfare and a measure of the animals’ relationship to the captive environment. Creating the environmental complexity that animals experience in the wild is challenging in captive settings, although previous research indicates a positive influence that an outdoor environment has on captive primate behavior. The current study assessed the behavior of seven captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) (1 male, 6 females 34-38 years, M age= 35 years) at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest in Cle Elum, WA, before and after the introduction to Young’s Hill, a two acre novel outdoor environment enclosed by electric fencing. All of the chimpanzees were previously housed in a laboratory with no outdoor access. Behavior was assessed from August 2011 to October 2011. Individuals were observed by conducting ten minute focal samples with 30 second instantaneous recording on behavior, resulting in approximately 50 scans per individual in each condition. A Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed that there was a significant effect in 5 of the 7 behavioral categories analyzed, including a decrease in inactivity ( Z= -2.120, P=.034), increase in locomotion ( Z= -2.371, P=.018), decrease in object manipulation( Z= -2.366, P=.018), increase in attention ( Z= -2.047, P=.041), and a decrease self-directed behaviors( Z= -2.117, P=.034). Results suggest that a large outdoor environment promotes species-typical behaviors, especially locomotion

Foundations of Adult Nursing

Covering the issues, themes and principles that explain what it means to be a nurse today, this book provides the theory nursing students need to know and applies it to the diverse patient groups and settings that they will encounter on their placements.Key features of the book are:· Introduces the core aspects of adult nursing· An evidence-based approach with discussion of literature, policy and research and suggested further reading for every chapter· Over 30 case scenarios to help the reader understand the realities of practice across a range of settings including primary care and the community· Activity boxes which challenge assumptions and encourage reflectionThe book has been closely developed in line with the latest NMC Standards and Essential Skills Clusters and supports nursing students across their entire degree programme as they develop into nurses of the future ready to deliver and lead care