Four groups of type 2 diabetes contribute to the etiological and clinical heterogeneity in newly diagnosed individuals: An IMI DIRECT study

The presentation and underlying pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is complex and heterogeneous. Recent studies attempted to stratify T2D into distinct subgroups using data-driven approaches, but their clinical utility may be limited if categorical representations of complex phenotypes are suboptimal. We apply a soft-clustering (archetype) method to characterize newly diagnosed T2D based on 32 clinical variables. We assign quantitative clustering scores for individuals and investigate the associations with glycemic deterioration, genetic risk scores, circulating omics biomarkers, and phenotypic stability over 36 months. Four archetype profiles represent dysfunction patterns across combinations of T2D etiological processes and correlate with multiple circulating biomarkers. One archetype associated with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired β cell glucose sensitivity corresponds with the fastest disease progression and highest demand for anti-diabetic treatment. We demonstrate that clinical heterogeneity in T2D can be mapped to heterogeneity in individual etiological processes, providing a potential route to personalized treatments

Semiclassical interatomic potential for carbon and its application to the self-interstitial in graphite

A semiclassical interatomic potential for carbon is discussed which is based on the proximity cell (the Wigner-Seitz cell) around each atom. It introduces three internal degrees of freedom per atom, representing the magnitude and direction of the p orbital that is not involved in sp hybridization. Its direct interpolation between sp2 and sp 3 configurations combined with good elastic properties allows its use on problematic defects, such as the interplanar interstitial in graphite, which is given as an example

Interstitial string model for defective graphites

The carbon atoms in defective graphites are arranged mainly in layers, with a spacing that is sample dependent and larger than that in high-perfection graphites. The generally accepted explanation for this variation is that the larger separations in more disordered graphite arise from poorer mutual orientation of the graphite layers ("turbostratic disorder"). Computer models of interstitials in supercells show that strings of interstitials along the hexagonal axis are unusually stable and might better explain the spacings observed and other properties, certainly for neutron-irradiated graphite, but possibly also for other graphites. © 1991

Semiclassical interatomic potential for carbon and its application to the self-interstitial in graphite

A semiclassical interatomic potential for carbon is discussed which is based on the proximity cell (the Wigner-Seitz cell) around each atom. It introduces three internal degrees of freedom per atom, representing the magnitude and direction of the p orbital that is not involved in sp hybridization. Its direct interpolation between sp2 and sp 3 configurations combined with good elastic properties allows its use on problematic defects, such as the interplanar interstitial in graphite, which is given as an example

ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF DISLOCATIONS IN SILICON-A REEXAMINATION OF HALL EFFECT DATA.

Several authors have presented data from the Hall effect in deformed silicon and they have their own interpretations of their results. The mutual incompatibility of these interpretations will be emphasized in this contribution and a possible resolution of the inconsistencies will be proposed. The suggestion is that there are at least two different defects responsible for the electrical activity of dislocations and one of these defects may combine with dopant atoms when the dopant concentration is high relative to the defect concentration to give yet a third level

A molecular water pump in quartz dislocations

RECENTLY Bakker and Janssen1 have reported experiments suggesting that water leaks out of bubbles in quartz preferentially along dislocations against thermodynamic gradients in fugacity, chemical potential and pressure. This effect indicates that the density of gas-rich fluid inclusions cannot be calculated from metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions and, conversely, that the density of the fluid cannot be used to infer metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions. Using computer modelling techniques, I show here that water not only diffuses easily along dislocations in quartz, but can also be 'pumped' along them. The simulations indicate that in dislocation cores, water molecules dissociate and the protons and hydroxyl groups become strongly bound to kinks. A shear stress can do work on kinks to move them along a dislocation, dragging with them these water-bearing species and sweeping other, undissociated water molecules before them. © 1992 Nature Publishing Group

A molecular water pump in quartz dislocations

RECENTLY Bakker and Janssen1 have reported experiments suggesting that water leaks out of bubbles in quartz preferentially along dislocations against thermodynamic gradients in fugacity, chemical potential and pressure. This effect indicates that the density of gas-rich fluid inclusions cannot be calculated from metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions and, conversely, that the density of the fluid cannot be used to infer metamorphic pressure-temperature conditions. Using computer modelling techniques, I show here that water not only diffuses easily along dislocations in quartz, but can also be 'pumped' along them. The simulations indicate that in dislocation cores, water molecules dissociate and the protons and hydroxyl groups become strongly bound to kinks. A shear stress can do work on kinks to move them along a dislocation, dragging with them these water-bearing species and sweeping other, undissociated water molecules before them. © 1992 Nature Publishing Group

Interstitial string model for defective graphites

The carbon atoms in defective graphites are arranged mainly in layers, with a spacing that is sample dependent and larger than that in high-perfection graphites. The generally accepted explanation for this variation is that the larger separations in more disordered graphite arise from poorer mutual orientation of the graphite layers ("turbostratic disorder"). Computer models of interstitials in supercells show that strings of interstitials along the hexagonal axis are unusually stable and might better explain the spacings observed and other properties, certainly for neutron-irradiated graphite, but possibly also for other graphites. © 1991