Predicting Rape Myth Acceptance in College

This study examined how the following factors found in the American college experience predicted college students\u27 acceptance of myths concerning rape: students\u27 gender, personal knowledge of a rape survivor, attitude toward alcohol consumption, actual alcohol consumption, and fraternity/sorority (Greek) membership. Eighty-eight male and 239 female college students completed a demographic survey, the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (Payne, 1993), and the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (Brown, Christ, and Goldman, 1987). Results indicate that the college students\u27 actual alcohol consumption rate was not predictive of rape myth acceptance. However, all other factors examined in the study interacted in predicting rape myth acceptance. Gender, attitude toward alcohol consumption, and Greek membership interacted in explaining overall rape myth acceptance. Specifically, male and female Greek members with negative attitudes toward alcohol consumption did not differ in the extent to which they believed rape myths. However, when their alcohol attitudes were positive, male Greek members believed in rape myths more than female Greek members. A different pattern appeared among non-Greek members. Specifically, male non-Greeks believed in rape myths more than female non-Greeks, regardless of alcohol consumption attitude. The second prominent interaction pattern emerged from the following two factors when predicting overall rape myth acceptance: gender and personal knowledge of a rape survivor. For male participants, knowing a rape survivor personally made them less likely to believe in rape myths than males without such knowledge. On the other hand, personal knowledge of a rape survivor did not have an influence on female participants\u27 beliefs. Implications of these complex interactions on specific areas of rape myth acceptance, as well as on efforts to reduce sexual violence against women, were discussed

A kinematic analysis of the softball batting form of high and low average female batters

The purpose of this study was to conduct a kinematic analysis of selected phases in the softball batting form of eight high school female softball players. [This is an excerpt from the abstract. For the complete abstract, please see the document.

Modeling Freshwater Mussel Distribution in Relation to Biotic and Abiotic Habitat Variables in the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon

The habitat requirements of western freshwater mussels, Anodonta, Gonidea, and Margaritifera, remain unclear despite their imperiled status. Freshwater mussels provide a series of ecosystem services including habitat enhancement, substratum stabilization, nutrient cycling, and water clarification, which makes their loss from aquatic ecosystems particularly detrimental. To improve the efficacy of restoration actions targeting these organisms, I used random forest modeling to investigate the biotic and abiotic factors influencing mussel density and distribution throughout a 55-kilometer (km) segment of the Middle Fork John Day River (MFJDR), in northeastern Oregon. Data was collected to characterize the occurrence of mussels with respect to the hierarchical, hydrogeomorphic structure of habitat within reaches of varying valley confinement and channel units nested within these reaches. Data regarding functional habitat features were also included to ensure that models included the wide range of characteristics that mussels need from their environment. By collecting data at both the reach and channel unit scale, I was able to investigate how mussel densities and distributions vary with spatial scale and other biophysical parameters. Throughout the study area, Margaritifera density exhibited a unimodal distribution with respect to river km, while Anodonta and Gonidea density showed a negative relationship with river km and exhibited higher densities downstream. The large scale, longitudinal trends of Margaritifera were related to hydrogeomorphic characteristics at the reach scale, while less than half of the longitudinal variation in Anodonta and Gonidea were explained by hydrogeomorphic and water quality parameters. At the channel unit scale, all mussel genera responded to the patchy variation in physical habitat characteristics, particularly habitat factors that indicated more stable parts of the channel. Overall, physical habitat characteristics such as woody debris, emergent aquatic vegetation, coarse substratum, and channel morphology were more important than hydraulic, biotic, and chemical variables. These results suggest that at both the reach and channel unit scales, mussel density and distribution are influenced by high flow refugia and the hierarchical structuring of hydrogeomorphic habitat characteristics. These results will assist mussel restoration efforts by providing specific guidance about the types of physical habitat conditions that are suitable for mussels

Predicting Rape Myth Acceptance in College

This study examined how the following factors found in the American college experience predicted college students\u27 acceptance of myths concerning rape: students\u27 gender, personal knowledge of a rape survivor, attitude toward alcohol consumption, actual alcohol consumption, and fraternity/sorority (Greek) membership. Eighty-eight male and 239 female college students completed a demographic survey, the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (Payne, 1993), and the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (Brown, Christ, and Goldman, 1987). Results indicate that the college students\u27 actual alcohol consumption rate was not predictive of rape myth acceptance. However, all other factors examined in the study interacted in predicting rape myth acceptance. Gender, attitude toward alcohol consumption, and Greek membership interacted in explaining overall rape myth acceptance. Specifically, male and female Greek members with negative attitudes toward alcohol consumption did not differ in the extent to which they believed rape myths. However, when their alcohol attitudes were positive, male Greek members believed in rape myths more than female Greek members. A different pattern appeared among non-Greek members. Specifically, male non-Greeks believed in rape myths more than female non-Greeks, regardless of alcohol consumption attitude. The second prominent interaction pattern emerged from the following two factors when predicting overall rape myth acceptance: gender and personal knowledge of a rape survivor. For male participants, knowing a rape survivor personally made them less likely to believe in rape myths than males without such knowledge. On the other hand, personal knowledge of a rape survivor did not have an influence on female participants\u27 beliefs. Implications of these complex interactions on specific areas of rape myth acceptance, as well as on efforts to reduce sexual violence against women, were discussed

Experimental investigation of criteria for thermal roughening

The morphology of single domain Si(001)2 × 1 surfaces has been investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Using the model of Villain, Grempel and Lapujoulade, which is based on the microscopic properties of the surface, this vicinal surface is found to be thermally rough. On macroscopic scale, however, we did not observe any indication for the expected characteristic logarithmic divergence of the surface height-height correlation function. Possible causes for this discrepancy are discussed briefly

Expression of complementary RNA from chloroplast transgenes affects editing efficiency of transgene and endogenous chloroplast transcripts

The expression of angiosperm chloroplast genes is modified by C-to-U RNA editing. The mechanism for recognition of the ∼30 C targets of editing is not understood. There is no single consensus sequence surrounding editing sites, though sites can be grouped into small ‘clusters’ of two to five sites exhibiting some sequence similarity. While complementary RNA that guides nucleotides for alteration has been detected in other RNA modification systems, it is not known whether complementary RNA is involved in chloroplast editing site recognition. We investigated the effect of expressing RNA antisense to the sequences −20 to +6 surrounding the RpoB-2 C target of editing, which is a member of a cluster that includes the PsbL-1 and Rps14-1 sites. Previous experiments had shown that chloroplast rpoB transgene transcripts carrying only these 27 nt were edited in vivo at the proper C. Though transcripts carrying sequences −31 to +60 surrounding the RpoB-2 sites were edited in chloroplast transgenic plants, transcripts carrying the −31 to +62 region followed by the 27 nt complementary region were not edited at all. In contrast, a similar construct, in which the C target as well as the preceding and subsequent nucleotides were mismatched within the 27 nt region, was efficiently edited. The presence of any of the four transgenes carrying RpoB-2 sequences in sense and/or antisense orientation resulted in reduced editing at the PsbL-1 site. Chloroplast transgenic plants expressing the three different antisense RNA constructs exhibited abnormal growth and development, though plants expressing the 92 nt sense transcripts were phenotypically normal

Prognosis and institutionalization of frail community-dwelling older patients following a proximal femoral fracture:a multicenter retrospective cohort study

SUMMARY: Hip fractures are a serious public health issue with major consequences, especially for frail community dwellers. This study found a poor prognosis at 6 months post-trauma with regard to life expectancy and rehabilitation to pre-fracture independency levels. It should be realized that recovery to pre-trauma functioning is not a certainty for frail community-dwelling patients. INTRODUCTION: Proximal femoral fractures are a serious public health issue in the older patient. Although a significant rise in frail community-dwelling elderly is expected because of progressive aging, a clear overview of the outcomes in these patients sustaining a proximal femoral fracture is lacking. This study assessed the prognosis of frail community-dwelling patients who sustained a proximal femoral fracture. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed on frail community-dwelling patients with a proximal femoral fracture who aged over 70 years. Patients were considered frail if they were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists score ≥ 4 and/or a BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2) and/or Functional Ambulation Category ≤ 2 pre-trauma. The primary outcome was 6-month mortality. Secondary outcomes were adverse events, health care consumption, rate of institutionalization, and functional recovery. RESULTS: A total of 140 out of 2045 patients matched the inclusion criteria with a median age of 85 (P(25)–P(75) 80–89) years. The 6-month mortality was 58 out of 140 patients (41%). A total of 102 (73%) patients experienced adverse events. At 6 months post-trauma, 29 out of 120 (24%) were readmitted to the hospital. Out of the 82 surviving patients after 6 months, 41 (50%) were unable the return to their home, and only 32 (39%) were able to achieve outdoor ambulation. CONCLUSION: Frail community-dwelling older patients with a proximal femoral fracture have a high risk of death, adverse events, and institutionalization and often do not reobtain their pre-trauma level of independence. Foremost, the results can be used for realistic expectation management