EFFECT OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA (HARAD) FRUIT EXTRACT ON CARDIOTOXICITY IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the protective activity of Terminalia chebula fruit extract on cardiotoxicity in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.Methods: The animals were divided into eight groups of five each and were fed with high fat diet (HFD) except sham control, diabetic control and isoproterenol control. Diabetes was induced by administering single intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection of STZ (0.05 g/kg) in all groups except sham and isoproterenol control and was confirmed by testing blood glucose level after 48 h. Rats were pretreated with ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula (0.25& 0.5 g/kg/d; per oral (p. o.)), pioglitazone (0.01 g/kg/d), carvedilol (0.002 g/kg/d) and normal saline throughout the study period (14 days). Cardiotoxicity was induced by the administrating two subcutaneous (s. c) injection of isoproterenol (ISO) (0.085 g/kg) at an interval of 24 h. Troponin was checked to confirm cardiotoxicity. The evaluation parameters include initial and final blood glucose level, change in body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER), heart weight-body weight ratio, biochemical estimations and histopathological studies.Results: Pretreatment with Terminalia chebula produced significant (p<0.01) decrease in blood glucose level and heart weight-body weight ratio. It significantly decrease the elevated activity of the cardiac marker enzymes, alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK-MB) (p<0.01), similar to the standard drug carvedilol in isoproterenol injected rats. Pretreatment with Terminalia chebula showed absence of troponin and lesser degree of necrosis, edema, and myofibrillar degeneration.Conclusion: Terminalia chebula has significant cardioprotective action against cardiotoxicity in STZ induced diabetic rats, which is comparable with standard drugs i.e., pioglitazone and carvedilol.Â

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON LITERATURE EVIDENCE, CLINICAL STUDIES AND PRACTICES OF HERBAL DRUGS FOR DIABETIC NEUROPATHY AND CARDIOMYOPATHY

  Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide epidemic disease that eventually advances to a chronic stage and affects different vital organs by intensifying the underlying pathological factors, and through the remodeling of the tissues by the generation of reactive oxygen species leading to the development of respective organ failure. Two such complications are painful neuropathy and cardiomyopathy; both of which are common and progressive complications of diabetes. The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include tingling, burning, lancinating pain, hyperesthesia, and allodynia. The course of the disease progression may vary from intermittent, mild symptoms to severe chronic, and daily pain; which culminates into poor quality of life. Another complication of diabetes mellitus, diabetic cardiomyopathy, is defined as a ventricular dysfunction disorder that occurs in diabetic patients. The development of the disease is characterized by a hidden subclinical period, during which cellular, structural changes and abnormalities lead to diastolic dysfunction, followed by systolic dysfunction, and terminating into heart failure. Left ventricular hypertrophy, metabolic abnormalities, extracellular matrix changes, small vessel disease, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are the most important pathological advancements that lead to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Various pharmaceutical agents from different pharmacological categories have been proposed for the symptomatic treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy; however, it is a herculean task to select a drug due to the wide range of choices and lack of consistent guidelines for treatment. Similarly, treatment of cardiomyopathy is based on the general therapeutic rules of management of heart failure and no specifications have yet been addressed for this condition. Therefore, more studies are required to improve our knowledge of these complex syndromes. From this perspective, this review is designed to delineate a general overview of neuropathy and cardiomyopathy, referring to the conventional therapies in use and possible unconventional, natural, herbal, and safe treatments for both the above-mentioned complications of diabetes

Evaluation of chemopreventive effect of Fumaria indica against N-nitrosodiethylamine and CCl4-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats

AbstractObjectiveTo investigation the chemopreventive potential of Fumaria indica (F. indica) extract (FIE) on N-nitrosodiethylamine and CCl4-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats.MethodsThe experimental animals were divided into six groups (n=6). Hepatocellular carcinoma was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in normal saline at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight followed by weekly subcutaneous injections of CCl4(3 mL/kg/week) for 6 weeks, as the promoter of carcinogenic effect. After administration of the carcinogen, 200 and 400 mg/kg of FIE were administered orally once a day throughout the study. At the end of 20 weeks, the body weight, liver weight and relative liver weight were measured. The percentage of nodule incidence and liver cancer markers such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), total bilirubin level (TBL), α-feto protein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen were estimated along with histopathological investigation in experimental groups of rats.ResultsObtained results demonstrated that the cotreatment with FIE significantly prevented the decrease of the body weight and also increased in relative liver weight caused by NDEA. The treatment with FIE significantly reduced the nodule incidence and nodule multiplicity in the rats after NDEA administration. The levels of liver cancer markers such as AST, ALT, ALP, γ-glutamyl transferase, TBL, AFP and carcinoembryonic antigen were substantially increased by NDEA treatment. However, FIE treatment significantly reduced the liver injury and restored the entire liver cancer markers. Histological observations of liver tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations.ConclusionsThese finding powerfully supports that F. indica exert chemopreventive effect by suppressing the tumor burden and restoring the activities of hepatic cancer marker enzymes on NDEA and CCl4-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF THE ROOT BARKS OF ONOSMA ECHIOIDES

  Objective: Onosma echioides (OE) L., family Boraginaceae, is most recurrently used remedial herb, which is extensively dispersed all over India. It is used as purgative, bladder obstacle, liver chaos, kidney obstruction, sciatic pain, and gout. The study was meant to carry out the physicochemical, phytochemical, and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis on root bark of OE. Methods: The physicochemical parameters were carried out as per the World Health Organization guideline. The preliminary chemical test was performed as per pharmacopeia and conventional methods. Camag HPTLC system equipped with TLC autosampler 4 applicator, TLC scanner 3 and win CATS 1.4.4. Software was used for HPTLC analysis of plant extract with standard, i.e., shikonin. The extracts were developed using toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (5:4:0.3) as a mobile phases using standard procedures and scanned under ultraviolet 254 nm and 366 nm.Results: OE is composed of sterols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, saponin, and carbohydrates. The plant was found to be free from adulteration and contamination. The fluorescence characteristics of leaf powder were studied both in visible light and ultraviolet light (254 nm and 365 nm) after treatment with various reagents. The TLC plate showed several spots at different Rf when viewed under 254 nm, 366 nm. The HPTLC profile showed several peaks that indicated the presence of various phytochemicals along with its active constituent, i.e., shikonin.Conclusion: The study provides referential information for the standardization of the plant. The HPTLC profile will help in authentication and standardization of the plant

Effect of methanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus Willd. on lipopolysaccharide induced-oxidative stress in rats

Abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced oxidative stress and impairment of normal physiological function generally categorized by increased anxiety and reduced mobility. Therefore, the present study was to find out the effect Methanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus (MEAR) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in rats. LPS-induced oxidative stress in rats was measured by locomotor activity by photoactometer test, anxiety with elevated plus maze test and also studied the oxidative stress markers, nitric oxide and cytokines. The obtained data shows that LPS markedly exhausted (p<0.001) brain-reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) significantly increased (p<0.001) the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide and the activity of cytokines in the brain. MEAR supplementation resulted in normalization of brain GSH and CAT and SOD and decreases in the levels of MDA with reduction of nitric oxide and cytokines in the brain. The action of the extract at dose of 200 mg/kg was almost similar to the standard drug, quercetin (100mg/kg, p.o.). These present study conclude that MEAR administration significantly (P<0.05) reduced LPS-induced oxidative-stress and intensely suggest that Asparagus racemosus Willd. is a functionally newer type of cerebroprotective agent

Bromelain capped gold nanoparticles as the novel drug delivery carriers to aggrandize effect of the antibiotic levofloxacin

To develop bromelain capped gold nanoparticles (BRN capped Au-NPs) as the effective drug delivery carriers of the antibiotic levofloxacin (LvN) and evaluate antibacterial potential of its bioconjugated form compared to pure LvN. BRN capped Au-NPs were synthesized by in vitro method and bioconjugated to LvN using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-carbodiimide as activator to form Au-BRN-LvN-NPs. These were characterized for mean particle size by dynamic light scattering analysis, zeta potential by Zetasizer nanosystem analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on carbon coated TEM copper grids by TEM respectively. Drug loading efficiency of LvN was calculated using UV-visible spectroscopy by standard curve of pure LvN. Antibacterial efficacy of Au-BRN-LvN-NPs and pure LvN was determined by evaluating minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Eschereschia coli.Two peaks were observed in Au-BRN-LvNNPs spectrum one at 307 nm and other at 526 nm while one peak in BRN capped Au-NPs at 522 nm during UV spectroscopy suggesting red shift. The drug loading efficiency of LvN was found to be 84.8 ± 2.41 %. The diameter of Au-BRN-LvN-NPs and BRN capped Au-NPs were found to be (58.65 ± 2 nm, 38.11 ± 2 nm), zeta potential (-9.01 mV, -13.8 mV) and surface morphology (~13.2 nm, 11.4 nm) respectively. The MICs against S. aureus and E. coli were found to be (0.128 μg/mL, 1.10 μg/mL) for Au-BRN-LvN-NPs and (0.547 μg/mL, 1.96μg/mL) for pure LvN. The results suggested that BRN capped Au-NPs can be used as effective drug delivery carriers of the antibiotic LvN. The Au-BRN-LvN-NPs exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity compared to pure LvN alone

Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of Erythrina indica leaves against antitubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats

Background: Erythrina indica Lam. traditionally used in the treatment of laxative, diuretic, worm infestation, liver ailment and joints pain. Objective: To evaluate the antihepatotoxic potential of Erythrina indica against isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods and material: Liver toxicity was induced by antitubercular drugs (INH+ RIF) at dose level of 50 mg/kg each, p.o for 28 days. 50% methanolic extract of Erythrina indica (100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally once daily for 28 days. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin and LDH. Meanwhile, in vivo antioxidant activities as SOD, CAT, GSH and, LPO were measured in liver homogenate also histological examinations were carried out to assess hepatoprotective activity. Statistical analysis used: The values were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey multiple compare test. Results were considered statistically significant when P < 0.05. Results: Obtained results demonstrated that the treatment with Erythrina indica (E. indica) significantly prevented drug induced increase in serum levels of hepatic enzymes. Furthermore, Erythrina indica significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation (P < 0.01 tp P < 0.001) in the liver tissue and restored activities of defense antioxidant enzymes GSH (2.15 ± 0.08 to 2.48 ± 0.99; P < 0.05), SOD (2.69 ± 0.752 to 3.712 ± 0.056; P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) and CAT (10.20 ± 0.58 to 12.59 ± 0.42; P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) towards normal. Histopathology of liver tissue showed that Erythrina indica attenuated the hepatocellular necrosis, regeneration and repair of cells toward normal. Conclusion: The results of this study strongly indicate the protective effect of Erythrina indica against liver injury which may be attributed to its hepatoprotective activity, and there by scientifically support its traditional use

Hepatoprotective effects of Adenanthera pavonina (Linn.) against anti-tubercular drugs-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

a b s t r a c t Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective action of the leaves of Adenanthera pavonina against isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)-induced liver damage in experimental animals. Methods: Five groups of six rats each were selected for the study. A methanolic (50%) extract of A. pavonina at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg as well as silymarin 100 mg/kg were administered orally once daily for 28 days in INH þ RIF treated groups. The serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, total protein, albumin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were estimated along with activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Histopathological analysis was carried out to assess injury to the liver tissue. Result: The methanolic extract of A. pavonina was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. The significantly elevated serum enzymatic activities of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin and LDH due to INH þ RIF treatment were restored to near normal in a dose dependent manner after the treatment with methanolic extract of leaves of A. pavonina. Also the increased level of total protein and albumin towards normal by extract of A. pavonina leaves. In the anti-oxidant studies a significant increase in the levels of glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed. In addition, methanolic extract also significantly prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde formation in the liver of INH þ RIF intoxicated rats in a dose dependent manner. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections. Conclusions: These findings suggested that the methanolic extract of leaves of A. pavonina exhibited hepatoprotective effects against INH þ RIF induced hepatic damage in rats as compared to standard drug silymarin

New 4′-substituted benzoyl-β-D glycoside from the fruit pulp of Terminalia belerica with antiplatelet and antioxidant potency

Background: The fruit Terminalia belerica is a rich source of vitamins, acids, and nutraceuticals which have free radical scavenging activity. Thus, the ethanolic extract of fruit and its isolated compound (Tb-01) were intended to estimate antiplatelet and antioxidant activities. Methods: The ethanolic extract was submitted to Si-gel CC and the compound was isolated. The compound Tb-01 was characterized as benzoyl-β-D-(4′→10″ geranilanoxy)-pyranosides on the basis of spectral data [ultra violet (UV), infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, and Mass Spectroscopy] and chemical analyses. The ethanolic extract and Tb-01 at different concentrations were in vitro screened for antiplatelet and antioxidant activity. The antiplatelet activity was carried out by using platelet rich plasma prepared by centrifugation of rabbit whole blood (containing 0.9% sodium citrate as anticoagulant) and antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, reducing power, and nitric oxide anion scavenging activity models. Results: The compound Tb-01 was an amorphous brownish powder, yield 0.64% (w/w), melting point 105–110 °C, Retardation factor/Retention Value (Rf value) at 0.42 in methanol:chloroform (20:80) solvent system, UV absorption maxima at 243 nm, and molecular peak [M + H]+ at 394.15 m/z. It was observed that the ethanolic extract and Tb-01 at different concentrations showed significant antiplatelet and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity, like scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, nitric oxide radical, and reductive power were found to be concentration-dependent and increased when increasing amounts of sample were used. Conclusion: Mass spectra and 1H NMR confirmed the isolated compound structure which was supported by 13C NMR and IR spectra. Tb-01could be promising for future applications in the treatment of blood clots, pulmonary embolism, and other related diseases

Correction: Shoaib et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Dried Tubers of <i>Aconitum napellus</i>. <i>Plants</i> 2020, <i>9</i>, 356

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