Indices of sediment connectivity: opportunities, challenges and limitations

Indices of connectivity are critical means for moving from qualitative to (semi-)quantitative evaluations of material (e.g., water, sediment and nutrients) transfer across the building blocks of a terrestrial system. In geomorphology, compared to closely related disciplines like ecology and hydrology, the development of indices has only recently started and as such presents opportunities and challenges that merit attention. In this paper, we review existing indices of sediment connectivity and suggest potential avenues of development for meeting current basic and applied research needs. Specifically, we focus on terrestrial geomorphic systems dominated by processes that are driven by hydro-meteorological forcing, neglecting seismically triggered events, karstic systems and environments controlled by eolian processes. We begin by setting a conceptual framework that combines external forcings (drivers) and system (intrinsic) structural and functional properties relevant to sediment connectivity. This framework guides our review of response variables suitable for sediment connectivity indices. In particular, we consider three sample applications concerned with sediment connectivity in: (i) soil studies at the plot scale, (ii) bedload transport at the reach scale, and (iii) sediment budgets at the catchment scale. In relation to the set of response variables identified, we consider data availability and issues of data acquisition for use in indices of sediment connectivity. We classify currently available indices in raster based, object or network based, and indices based on effective catchment area. Virtually all existing indices address the degree of static, structural connectivity only, with limited attention for process-based, functional connectivity counterparts. Most recent developments in indices of sediment connectivity deal, to some extent, with different styles of anthropogenic and hydro-meteorological forcings and with the temporal variability of sediment connectivity, by incorporating additional variables and parameters in existing indices. We believe that, in order to use structural connectivity as explanatory or predictive tool, indices need to be interpretable in relation to geomorphic processes, material properties, and forcing styles and magnitude-frequency spectra. Improvements in this direction can be made through studies shaped to constrain structural-functional correlations across a range of hydro-meteorological scenarios, for example employing field-based techniques such as particle tracking and sediment provenance analysis, as well as numerical simulations. We further consider existing indices in relation to spatial and temporal scales. The latter have immediate implications on the distinction and application between indices and models of sediment connectivity. In this context, we suggest that sediment connectivity over millennial or longer time scales should be dealt with models, as opposed to indices

Indices of hydrological and sediment connectivity - state of the art and way forward

Digital elevation models (DEMs) describe the landscape topography, which is both a product and a control of the activity of geomorphic processes. In the same way, the connectivity of landscape units with respect to water and sediment fluxes can be seen as both a driver and an emergent property of the spatiotemporal interaction of hydrological and geomorphic processes. As DEMs are available with increasing quality, resolution and spatial coverage, they form an important basis for the quantitative assessment of connectivity through indices

COMMON SENSE: Cost-effective sensors, interoperable with international existing ocean observing systems, to meet EU policies requirements

COMMON SENSE is a new project that supports the implementation of European Union marine policies such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The project, which was launched in November 2013, is funded by the EC Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and has been designed to directly respond to requests for integrated and effective data acquisition systems by developing innovative sensors that will contribute to our understanding of how the marine environment functions. COMMON SENSE is coordinated by the Leitat Technological Centre, Spain, and its consortium brings together 15 partners from seven different countries, encompassing a wide range of technical expertise and know-how in the marine monitoring area

DigiTeLL – Digital Teaching and Learning Lab

Um Lehr-Lernentwicklungen nachhaltig zu etablieren und Ressourcen möglichst effektiv einzusetzen, erprobt die Goethe-Universität Frankfurt mit ihrem Projekt Digital Teaching and Learning Lab (DigiTeLL) ein zweistufiges Innovationsverfahren bestehend aus einem Inkubator (lokale Entwicklung neuer digitaler Learning Designs) und einem Akzelerator (Abstraktionsprozess der Neuentwicklungen). Transfer und Roll-Out in die Breite der Universität sind als Teil des Akzelerators direkt im Entwicklungsverfahren inkludiert und werden nicht nachgelagert. Neue digitale Learning Designs sollen so langfristig, großflächig und systematisch etabliert werden – über Fächergrenzen hinweg. Dabei spielen Vernetzung der Innovatoren untereinander und Lernendenzentrierung eine tragende Rolle