Bis(4-amino­benzene­sulfonato-κN)diaqua­bis(dimethyl­formamide-κO)nickel(II) dihydrate

In the title compound, [Ni(C6H6NO3S)2(C3H7NO)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, the NiII ion (site symmetry ) is coordinated by two –NH2 groups from two 4-amino­benzene­sulfonate anions, two O atoms from two dimethyl­formamide mol­ecules and two water mol­ecules, forming a slightly distorted trans-NiN2O4 octa­hedral geometry. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O, O—H⋯(O,O) and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components into a three-dimensional network. The O atoms of the sulfonate group are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.833 (4):0.167 (4) ratio and the O atom of the uncoordinated water mol­ecule is disordered over two sites in a 0.637 (18):0.363 (18) ratio

NG2 cells response to axonal alteration in the spinal cord white matter in mice with genetic disruption of neurofilament light subunit expression

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (NG2) expressing cells, morphologically characterized by multi-branched processes and small cell bodies, are the 4^thcommonest cell population of non-neuronal cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They can interact with nodes of Ranvier, receive synaptic input, generate action potential and respond to some pathological stimuli, but the function of the cells is still unclear. We assumed the NG2 cells may play an active role in neuropathogenesis and aimed to determine if NG2 cells could sense and response to the alterations in the axonal contents caused by disruption of neurofilament light subunit (NFL) expression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the early neuropathological development stage, our study showed that the diameter of axons of upper motor neurons of NFL-/- mice decreased significantly while the thickness of their myelin sheath increased remarkably. Although there was an obvious morphological distortion in axons with occasionally partial demyelination, no obvious changes in expression of myelin proteins was detected. Parallel to these changes in the axons and their myelination, the processes of NG2 cells were disconnected from the nodes of Ranvier and extended further, suggesting that these cells in the spinal cord white matter could sense the alteration in axonal contents caused by disruption of NFL expression before astrocytic and microglial activation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The structural configuration determined by the NFL gene may be important for maintenance of normal morphology of myelinated axons. The NG2 cells might serve as an early sensor for the delivery of information from impaired neurons to the local environment.</p

3,3,12,12-Tetra­methyl-1,5,10,14-tetra­oxa­dispiro­[5.2.5.2]hexa­deca­ne

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H28O4, is centrosymmetric. The cyclo­hexane ring and both six-membered dioxane rings adopt chair conformations. In the crystal, the mol­ecules lie in layers in the (100) planes and the shortest inter­molecular contacts are H⋯H (2.30 Å)

2-(Carbazol-9-yl)acetic acid

In the title compound, C14H11NO2, the tricyclic aromatic ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.025 (2) Å]. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 2.8 (5)°, while the carboxyl group forms a dihedral angle of 88.5 (1)° with the pyrrole ring. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds may contribute to the overall stabilization of the crystal structure

2-Chloro­ethyl 4-nitro­benzoate

The title compound, C9H8ClNO4, crystallizes with two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In each mol­ecule, the carboxyl­ate group is nearly coplanar with the benzene ring, forming dihedral angles of 2.4 (1) and 4.9 (1)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. A short O⋯N contact of 2.7660 (19) Å occurs between the nitro groups of adjacent mol­ecules

Dimethyl 5-nitro­isophthalate

The nitro group in the title compound, C10H9NO6, is rotated by 10.9 (5)° out of the plane of the benzene ring

5,6,7,8-Tetra­hydro­naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C11H12O2, the cyclo­hexane ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and the dimers are linked together by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8310 (13) Å] and C—H⋯O bonds

Retrieval of Optical Constant and Particle Size Distribution of Particulate Media Using the PSO-Based Neural Network Algorithm

An improved neural network algorithm was proposed and applied to the inverse radiative problems. A multi-strategy particle swarm optimization was applied to improve the performance of the back propagation multi-layer feed-forward neural network algorithm. Three commonly used particle size distribution (PSD) functions in a one-dimensional particle system were retrieved using the proposed algorithm. In addition, the optical constant was also estimated, and the measurement errors were considered. Results show that the proposed algorithm can be applied to the retrieval of PSDs and optical constant even with measurement errors. Finally, the proposed algorithm was applied to the simultaneous estimation of the PSDs and optical constant using the multi-wavelength and multi-thickness method