41 research outputs found

    Les Noirs et les « blancs » de l’ethnographie coloniale

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    Le territoire de « GuinĂ©e portugaise », principalement connu pour avoir Ă©tĂ© le lieu d’une guerre coloniale victorieuse contre la domination portugaise (1963-1974), demeure encore terra incognita dans l’histoire de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. La population de ce petit territoire « lusophone », enclavĂ© dans l’ancienne Afrique occidentale française, n’avait quasiment pas Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e depuis la « pacification » de 1915. Les administrateurs coloniaux se doublant d’ethnographes, ne manifestĂšrent que peu d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour leurs nouveaux « sujets », et ne produisirent qu’un mince filet d’information jusqu’au milieu des annĂ©es 1930. Principalement intĂ©ressĂ©s par les revenus de l’impĂŽt de case, ils firent porter leurs efforts sur l’enregistrement des cases et non celui des personnes. Se concentrant sur les hommes en tant que chefs de villages et de familles, ils ignorĂšrent totalement les femmes en tant que sujets autonomes et personnes à part entiĂšre : les exceptions Ă  la rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale Ă©taient vues comme des « anomalies ».Pourtant, avec l’apparition des premiĂšres donnĂ©es ethnographiques, les rapports officiels entrelacĂšrent les considĂ©rations de genre avec des concepts de couleur, eugĂ©nistes et ethniques, rĂ©vĂ©lant de la sorte la hiĂ©rarchisation interne au genre qu’ils opĂ©raient. De plus, l’absence de femmes europĂ©ennes occasionna un virage dans les mesures de politique coloniale, projetant l’image de la femme africaine comme gardienne de la puretĂ© raciale. En consĂ©quence de quoi, l’aide mĂ©dicale, prĂ©sentĂ©e comme symbole de « modernité », finit par reconnaĂźtre aux femmes indigĂšnes une place de mĂšres et de clientes potentielles. Cet article, qui couvre la production ethnographique sur une pĂ©riode de deux dĂ©cennies, entend combler les « blancs » de cette littĂ©rature, tout en explorant de nouvelles pistes d’analyse du discours colonial sur les relations de genre.O territĂłrio da « GuinĂ© Portuguesa », conhecido principalmente por ter sido palco de uma guerra colonial vitoriosa contra a dominação portuguesa (1963-1974), continua a ser terra incognita na histĂłria da África Ocidental. A população deste pequeno territĂłrio « lusĂłfono », encravado na antiga África Ocidental Francesa, praticamente nĂŁo havia sido estudada apĂłs a « pacificação » de 1915. Os administradores coloniais, actuando como etnĂłgrafos, nĂŁo manifestaram grande interesse pelos seus novos « sĂșbditos » e apenas produziram uma tĂ©nue rede de informaçÔes atĂ© meados dos anos 1930. Principalmente interessados nos lucros arrecadados dos impostos de palhotas, aplicaram os seus esforços no registo das palhotas e nĂŁo das pessoas. Ao concentrarem-se nos homens enquanto chefes de aglomeraçÔes e de famĂ­lias, ignoraram totalmente as mulheres na sua qualidade de sĂșbditas autĂłnomas e de pessoas de parte inteira. As excepçÔes Ă  regra geral eram consideradas como « anomalias ».Portanto, com o aparecimento dos primeiros dados etnogrĂĄficos, os relatĂłrios oficiais, misturando gĂ©nero, cor da pele, noçÔes eugĂ©nicas e etnogrĂĄficas, fizeram aparecer hierarquias no interior dos gĂ©neros. AlĂ©m disso, a ausĂȘncia de mulheres europeias provocou uma viragem nas medidas de polĂ­tica colonial, projectando a imagem da mulher africana como guardiĂŁ da pureza de raça. Em consequĂȘncia disso, a ajuda mĂ©dica, apresentada como sĂ­mbolo de « modernidade », acabou por reconhecer Ă s mulheres indĂ­genas um lugar de mĂŁes e de clientes potenciais. Este artigo, que cobre a produção etnogrĂĄfica ao longo de um perĂ­odo de dois decĂ©nios, pretende colmatar os « hiatos » desta literatura, explorando ao mesmo tempo novas pistas para anĂĄlise do discurso colonial sobre as relaçÔes de gĂ©nero.Mainly known as the scene of a successful nationalist campaign against Portuguese rule (1963-1974), the territory of «Portuguese» Guinea still remains terra incognita in West Africa’s history. Surrounded by the French AOF, it formed a small «lusophone» enclave with a largely unmapped population since its «pacification» in 1915. Colonial administrators doubling as ethnographers showed little interest in their new « subjects », producing a mere trickle of information until the mid 1930s. Mainly concerned with tax returns, they endeavoured to register huts rather than people. Focusing on men as chiefs and heads of households, women were all but ignored as autonomous subjects and persons; exceptions to the rule were treated as «anomalies».However, as ethnographic data began to surface, reports interwove gendered vectors with colour, eugenic and ethnic concepts, revealing intra-gender hierarchies. In addition, the absence of European women induced shifts in colonial policies that portrayed their African counterparts as the guardians of racial purity. As a result, medical assistance which was presented as the symbol of «modernity» ended up by recognising native women as mothers to be and potential clients. The present essay, which covers ethnographic production over a period of two decades, intends to fill gaps in the literature whilst exploring new avenues for the gendered analysis of colonial discourse

    In Memoriam Patrick Chabal (1951-2014): An interview with Malyn Newitt (King’s College London)

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    Philip J. Havik: When did you first meet Patrick? When he joined King’s College as a lecturer in Politics and Modern History of Lusophone Africa in 1984? Or earlier? What was your first impression? Malyn Newitt: I did not have any major contact with Patrick until around 1996. Professor Helder Macedo, the CamĂ”es Professor of Portuguese at King’s College London, had completed the negotiations with a number of Portuguese financial institutions and foundations for the establishment of the Charle..

    La sorcellerie, l’acculturation et le genre: la persĂ©cution religieuse de l’Inquisition portugaise contre les femmes africaines converties en Haut GuinĂ©e (XVIIe siĂšcle)

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    Les accusations contre les femmes libres,les tungumĂĄ, comme Crispina Peres, Genebra Lopeset Isabel Lopes et biend’autres de Cacheunous transportentĂ  une Ă©poque, des villes lointaines, des communautĂ©s mal connues. Mais leurs tĂ©moignages nous permettent aussi d’entrerdans leurs maisons, d’accompagnerleurs relationsdomestiqueset amoureuses,et de partagerleurs anxiĂ©tĂ©sles plus privĂ©es

    Les Noirs et les « blancs » de l’ethnographie coloniale

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    Le territoire de « GuinĂ©e portugaise », principalement connu pour avoir Ă©tĂ© le lieu d’une guerre coloniale victorieuse contre la domination portugaise (1963-1974), demeure encore terra incognita dans l’histoire de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. La population de ce petit territoire « lusophone », enclavĂ© dans l’ancienne Afrique occidentale française, n’avait quasiment pas Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e depuis la « pacification » de 1915. Les administrateurs coloniaux se doublant d’ethnographes, ne manifestĂšrent que peu d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour leurs nouveaux « sujets », et ne produisirent qu’un mince filet d’information jusqu’au milieu des annĂ©es 1930. Principalement intĂ©ressĂ©s par les revenus de l’impĂŽt de case, ils firent porter leurs efforts sur l’enregistrement des cases et non celui des personnes. Se concentrant sur les hommes en tant que chefs de villages et de familles, ils ignorĂšrent totalement les femmes en tant que sujets autonomes et personnes à part entiĂšre : les exceptions Ă  la rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale Ă©taient vues comme des « anomalies ».Pourtant, avec l’apparition des premiĂšres donnĂ©es ethnographiques, les rapports officiels entrelacĂšrent les considĂ©rations de genre avec des concepts de couleur, eugĂ©nistes et ethniques, rĂ©vĂ©lant de la sorte la hiĂ©rarchisation interne au genre qu’ils opĂ©raient. De plus, l’absence de femmes europĂ©ennes occasionna un virage dans les mesures de politique coloniale, projetant l’image de la femme africaine comme gardienne de la puretĂ© raciale. En consĂ©quence de quoi, l’aide mĂ©dicale, prĂ©sentĂ©e comme symbole de « modernité », finit par reconnaĂźtre aux femmes indigĂšnes une place de mĂšres et de clientes potentielles. Cet article, qui couvre la production ethnographique sur une pĂ©riode de deux dĂ©cennies, entend combler les « blancs » de cette littĂ©rature, tout en explorant de nouvelles pistes d’analyse du discours colonial sur les relations de genre.O territĂłrio da « GuinĂ© Portuguesa », conhecido principalmente por ter sido palco de uma guerra colonial vitoriosa contra a dominação portuguesa (1963-1974), continua a ser terra incognita na histĂłria da África Ocidental. A população deste pequeno territĂłrio « lusĂłfono », encravado na antiga África Ocidental Francesa, praticamente nĂŁo havia sido estudada apĂłs a « pacificação » de 1915. Os administradores coloniais, actuando como etnĂłgrafos, nĂŁo manifestaram grande interesse pelos seus novos « sĂșbditos » e apenas produziram uma tĂ©nue rede de informaçÔes atĂ© meados dos anos 1930. Principalmente interessados nos lucros arrecadados dos impostos de palhotas, aplicaram os seus esforços no registo das palhotas e nĂŁo das pessoas. Ao concentrarem-se nos homens enquanto chefes de aglomeraçÔes e de famĂ­lias, ignoraram totalmente as mulheres na sua qualidade de sĂșbditas autĂłnomas e de pessoas de parte inteira. As excepçÔes Ă  regra geral eram consideradas como « anomalias ».Portanto, com o aparecimento dos primeiros dados etnogrĂĄficos, os relatĂłrios oficiais, misturando gĂ©nero, cor da pele, noçÔes eugĂ©nicas e etnogrĂĄficas, fizeram aparecer hierarquias no interior dos gĂ©neros. AlĂ©m disso, a ausĂȘncia de mulheres europeias provocou uma viragem nas medidas de polĂ­tica colonial, projectando a imagem da mulher africana como guardiĂŁ da pureza de raça. Em consequĂȘncia disso, a ajuda mĂ©dica, apresentada como sĂ­mbolo de « modernidade », acabou por reconhecer Ă s mulheres indĂ­genas um lugar de mĂŁes e de clientes potenciais. Este artigo, que cobre a produção etnogrĂĄfica ao longo de um perĂ­odo de dois decĂ©nios, pretende colmatar os « hiatos » desta literatura, explorando ao mesmo tempo novas pistas para anĂĄlise do discurso colonial sobre as relaçÔes de gĂ©nero.Mainly known as the scene of a successful nationalist campaign against Portuguese rule (1963-1974), the territory of «Portuguese» Guinea still remains terra incognita in West Africa’s history. Surrounded by the French AOF, it formed a small «lusophone» enclave with a largely unmapped population since its «pacification» in 1915. Colonial administrators doubling as ethnographers showed little interest in their new « subjects », producing a mere trickle of information until the mid 1930s. Mainly concerned with tax returns, they endeavoured to register huts rather than people. Focusing on men as chiefs and heads of households, women were all but ignored as autonomous subjects and persons; exceptions to the rule were treated as «anomalies».However, as ethnographic data began to surface, reports interwove gendered vectors with colour, eugenic and ethnic concepts, revealing intra-gender hierarchies. In addition, the absence of European women induced shifts in colonial policies that portrayed their African counterparts as the guardians of racial purity. As a result, medical assistance which was presented as the symbol of «modernity» ended up by recognising native women as mothers to be and potential clients. The present essay, which covers ethnographic production over a period of two decades, intends to fill gaps in the literature whilst exploring new avenues for the gendered analysis of colonial discourse

    dos intercĂąmbios intracoloniais Ă s instituiçÔes multilaterais de saĂșde

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    Trilhando os caminhos da cooperação sanitĂĄria na África subsaariana, de intercĂąmbios incertos a dimensĂ”es institucionalizadas dos anos 1920 atĂ© inĂ­cio dos anos 1960, este artigo aborda a dinĂąmica regional na diplomacia sanitĂĄria que, atĂ© o momento, carece de pesquisas. A evolução, desde os primĂłrdios da Organização da SaĂșde da Liga das NaçÔes atĂ© a Cooperação TĂ©cnica na África Subsaariana e o EscritĂłrio Regional da África da OMS, demonstra como dimensĂ”es bilaterais foram substituĂ­das pelo modelo multilateral da OMS de cooperação sanitĂĄria regional. SĂŁo analisados alinhamentos, divergĂȘncias e resultados de estratĂ©gias e polĂ­ticas empregados por potĂȘncias coloniais e Estados africanos independentes em relaçÔes inter-regionais, bem como suas implicaçÔes em intervençÔes epidemiolĂłgicas e de saĂșde pĂșblica. Tracing the pathways of cooperation in health in sub-Saharan Africa from hesitant exchanges to institutionalized dimensions from the 1920s to the early 1960s, this article addresses regional dynamics in health diplomacy which have so far been under-researched. The evolution thereof from early beginnings with the League of Nations Health Organization to the Commission for Technical Assistance South of the Sahara and the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Africa, shows how bilateral dimensions were superseded by WHO’s multilateral model of regional cooperation in health. Alignments, divergences, and outcomes are explored with respect to the strategies and policies pursued by colonial powers and independent African states regarding inter-regional relations, and their implications for public health and epidemiological interventions.publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

    A África e a Inquisição portuguesa: novas perspectivas

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    A actividade da Inquisição Ă© mal conhecida, devido Ă  inexistĂȘncia de um tribunal prĂłprio. Seria necessĂĄrioo levantamento exaustivo de denĂșncias e processos, para verificar a enorme gama de prĂĄticas e crenças heterodoxas, nomeadamente de portugueses influenciados pelo Islamismo no Norte de África ou praticantes do JudaĂ­smo nos rios da GuinĂ©, bem como de africanos convertidos, acusados de magia e feitiçaria, que regressavam Ă s suas religiĂ”es

    Sexually transmitted infections, their treatment and urban change in colonial Leopoldville, 1910–1960

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    During the colonial period sexually transmitted infections (STIs) came to be recognised as a major public health problem in African cities. Thus, STI control and urban modernisation became deeply entangled as authorities redrew spatial and social boundaries to manage populations and their cross-cultural interaction. Public health measures, urban planning and policing were part of a coordinated effort to neutralise the potential impact of rapidly growing African urban migration on the Belgian Congo’s ‘model’ capital Leopoldville. While STI control was facilitated by new drugs (arsenicals, sulfonamides and antibiotics) to treat syphilis, chancroid, gonorrhoea and chlamydia (bacterial STIs), the effects of the 1929 economic crisis and urban social change illustrated the limits of colonial authority. Redesigning urban spaces and repressive measures to curb polygyny and prostitution operated in a parallel fashion with the expansion of health coverage, new treatments and awareness campaigns. To gain a better understanding of the evolution of STI incidence among African urban populations during the colonial period between 1910 and 1960, extensive archival records and secondary literature were consulted to assess the interplay between improved screening, diagnostic and therapeutic methods with demographic and social change. They show that STI rates, probably peaked during the pre-1929 period and apart from a short period in the early 1930s associated with mass screening, declined until becoming residual in the 1950s. Reflecting upon sanitary interventions and their broader dimensions, the article analyses the evolution of treatment regimes and their impact in the changing urban organisation and environment of the colony’s capital.publishersversionpublishe
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