The cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase augments survival of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli during infection

Nitric oxide (NO) is a toxic free radical produced by neutrophils and macrophages in response to infection. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induces a variety of defence mechanisms in response to NO, including direct NO detoxification (Hmp, NorVW, NrfA), iron-sulphur cluster repair (YtfE), and the expression of the NO-tolerant cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase (CydAB). The current study quantifies the relative contribution of these systems to UPEC growth and survival during infection. Loss of the flavohemoglobin Hmp and cytochrome bd-I elicit the greatest sensitivity to NO-mediated growth inhibition, whereas all but the periplasmic nitrite reductase NrfA provide protection against neutrophil killing and promote survival within activated macrophages. Intriguingly, the cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase was the only system that augmented UPEC survival in a mouse model after 2 days, suggesting that maintaining aerobic respiration under conditions of nitrosative stress is a key factor for host colonisation. These findings suggest that while UPEC have acquired a host of specialized mechanisms to evade nitrosative stresses, the cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase is the main contributor to NO tolerance and host colonisation under microaerobic conditions. This respiratory complex is therefore of major importance for the accumulation of high bacterial loads during infection of the urinary tract

A Revised Chronology of the Lowest Occupation Layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piauí, Brazil:The Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas

The present work revisits the chronology of the archaeologically controversial Pedra Furada Rock Shelter of Southeast Piaui, Brazil, using an improved radiocarbon laboratory pre-treatment and measurements on charcoal samples. The procedure, known as ABOX-SC (acid-base-wet oxidation followed by stepped combustion), has previously been used to secure radiocarbon dates of &gt;40ka for the antiquity of human occupation of Australia and South Africa, and now has been applied to charcoal from the previously dated oldest occupation layer of the Pedra Furada site. Previous radiocarbon dating had obtained only lower limits of 40-45 ka BP for the Pedra Furada basal layer. Nine charcoal samples from well-structured hearths were subjected to the ABOX-SC procedure and their radiocarbon content determined by accelerator mass spectrometry. Measurements on five of the samples returned ages of greater than 56 ka BP, from graphites produced from ABOX pre-treated charcoal combusted at 910degreesC. Two other samples were greater than 50 ka BP. The remaining two samples were essentially completely combusted at 650degreesC, with no material surviving to make a 910degreesC CO2 fraction. Their ages were 41.3 and 47.2 ka BP. Ages obtained from graphites generated from the 650degreesC combusted fraction are considered minimum ages. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p

A Revised Chronology of the Lowest Occupation Layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piauí, Brazil:The Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas

The present work revisits the chronology of the archaeologically controversial Pedra Furada Rock Shelter of Southeast Piaui, Brazil, using an improved radiocarbon laboratory pre-treatment and measurements on charcoal samples. The procedure, known as ABOX-SC (acid-base-wet oxidation followed by stepped combustion), has previously been used to secure radiocarbon dates of &gt;40ka for the antiquity of human occupation of Australia and South Africa, and now has been applied to charcoal from the previously dated oldest occupation layer of the Pedra Furada site. Previous radiocarbon dating had obtained only lower limits of 40-45 ka BP for the Pedra Furada basal layer. Nine charcoal samples from well-structured hearths were subjected to the ABOX-SC procedure and their radiocarbon content determined by accelerator mass spectrometry. Measurements on five of the samples returned ages of greater than 56 ka BP, from graphites produced from ABOX pre-treated charcoal combusted at 910degreesC. Two other samples were greater than 50 ka BP. The remaining two samples were essentially completely combusted at 650degreesC, with no material surviving to make a 910degreesC CO2 fraction. Their ages were 41.3 and 47.2 ka BP. Ages obtained from graphites generated from the 650degreesC combusted fraction are considered minimum ages. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p