Spray deposition and drift during postemergence herbicide applications to turfgrass and annual flowers

Many lawn care operators use the lawn spray gun spraying system to alleviate potential non-target injury from postemergence broadleaf herbicide spray drift. This system was designed to apply dilute fertilizer and pesticide solutions at high spray volumes and low nozzle pressure. The lawn spray gun application at a mean volume rate of 1122 L ha[superscript]-1 in comparison to flat fan nozzles at 187 L ha[superscript]-1 or Raindrop nozzles at 374 L ha[superscript]-1 significantly reduced the injury potential to non-target plants 90 cm or more from the spray swath edge. The direct deposition of spray at the 30 cm downwind location suggests that a small unsprayed buffer area next to non-target plants should be left in order to avoid direct spray contact to non-target plants for all nozzle types tested. The percentage of spray recovered indicates that large differences do occur within the spray swath. The corresponding coefficient of variation (CV) values for the nozzle types were above the recommended CV value of 15%; however, other research has shown that applications with a CV range of 14% to 28% provided satisfactory uniformity for droplet deposition. The low percent spray recovery with RA-6 nozzles and the spray gun on turfgrass suggests that droplets produced by flat fan nozzles may have greater collection efficiencies than those by RA-6 nozzles or the spray gun. Simulated spray drift on annual flowers indicates that petunia (Petunia x hybrida) is extremely sensitive to the triethylamine salt of triclopyr ((3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy) acetic acid or the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, while impatiens (Impatiens wallerana) is one of the least sensitive species tested. Triclopyr tended to be more injurious than 2,4-D even though species sensitivity to each herbicide varied

Potato Production near Glyphosate-resistant Crops — Injury Potential

The herbicide glyphosate is used in many countries because of low cost and effective weed control, but low levels of glyphosate on potato can reduce yield, marketability, and seed quality. Glyphosate is a phloem-mobile herbicide that can translocate to tubers, causing malformations that reduce the quality of current-season production. Potato plants are most susceptible to glyphosate at the hooking or tuber initiation stage. Tubers exposed at these stages often will become malformed and yield loss can occur. Seed production can be affected because glyphosate degradation is slow and it translocates to tubers. Seed potato exposed to glyphosate can store glyphosate residues until they are planted the next season. Tubers planted with glyphosate residues will have an erratic and slow emergence pattern, bending and twisting of leaves, multiple shoots from eyes, “candelabra” or “cauliflower” formation of shoots, or completely inhibited shoot growth, depending on the rate and cultivar. Glyphosate-affected seed tubers produce less tuber set and tubers with reduced weight. Tubers suspected to have glyphosate injury should be tested at a reputable laboratory to confirm glyphosate residues are present. Good management practices can help prevent potato from being exposed to glyphosate

The Effect of Telerehabilitation on Missed Appointment Rates

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of telerehabilitation on missed appointment rates in a rehabilitation clinic.  Clients fail to attend scheduled appointments for a variety of reasons.  Unmet appointments represent a loss of financial support as well as diminished efficiency and capacity to provide services. Speech therapy utilizing multiple appointments is most difficult to maintain during a treatment regimen. This may cause individuals to miss appointments and therefore not achieve desired results.  For this study, researchers utilized an intense speech therapy technique, the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT®) to measure compliance with scheduled appointments. Participants were randomized to either in-person treatment or telerehabilitation treatment at a site distant from the speech-language pathologist. Participants in the telerehabilitation (TR) condition completed significantly more appointments than participants in the in-person (IP) condition. When comparing results of treatment for each condition, there were no significant differences in outcome whether treated in the IP or TR condition of the study for monologue and picture description tasks, which are closely associated with conversational speech.  There was a difference in the reading task with participants demonstrating significantly better post treatment results in the IP condition.  The reason for this disparity is unclear and warrants further study

DOES HIP CONTRACTURE EFFECT ANTERIOR PELVIC TILT CHANGES DURING SQUATTING?

The purpose of this study was to examine possible effects of hip flexor contractures on changes in pelvic anterior tilt during the squat. Twenty recreationally active subjects were evaluated for hip contracture using the Modified Thomas test. Eight subjects were found to have iliopsoas contracture and twelve were found to have rectus femoris contracture. A 2x8 mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA was completed between the positive and negative hip contracture groups for both the iliopsoas and rectus femoris results. No significant differences were found between the hip contracture groups for the iliopsoas (p=.90) or the rectus femoris (p=.18). These results indicate the Modified Thomas test results about hip contracture do not have an effect on changes in pelvic motion during the squat

THE EFFECT OF TIGHT HIPS ON SQUAT TECHNIQUE

The purpose of this study was to examine if tight hips would effect a dynamic activity such as the squat. Twenty subjects with squat experience were evaluated for hip contracture, 8 subjects were found to have iliopsoas contracture and 12 were found to have rectus femoris contracture. Two mixed model repeated measures ANOVAs were completed on hip flexion angles during a squat between a group with and without hip contracture for the iliopsoas and rectus femoris. A significant difference was found for the Iliopsoas (p=.014) and rectus femoris (p=.002) for the main effect of repetition. However, the interaction was not significant for iliopsoas (p=.20) or rectus femoris (p=.10). No significant differences were found between the hip contracture groups for the iliopsoas (p=.10) or the rectus femoris (p=.68), indicating tight hips do not have an impact on squat technique

Cold Climate Winegrape Cultivar Sensitivity to Sulfur in the Northern Great Plains Region of the United States

Elemental sulfur is commonly applied for powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) protection on winegrape (Vitis sp.). The product may be used in a diversified, integrated disease management system to help prevent fungicide resistance to products with other modes of action. Additionally, sulfur may be used as a control option in organic systems. Applications of sulfur have been known to cause phytotoxic injury to susceptible winegrape cultivars, particularly those stemming from fox grape (Vitis labrusca) parentage. To improve recommendations to producers in the northern Great Plains region of the United States, a comparison of injury incidence and severity, as well as effects on yield characteristics was undertaken for 13 regional cultivars exposed to three sulfur rates (0, 2.4, and 4.8 lb/acre a.i.) at a North Dakota State University Research Station near Absaraka, ND. Overall, four cultivars (Bluebell, Baltica, Sabrevois, and King of the North) of the 13 cultivars tested showed phytotoxic symptoms. Injury severity and incidence of these cultivars differed between years and across rates. 'Bluebell' showed consistent and severe sulfur injury symptoms. Injury to the other three susceptible cultivars tended to vary by the given environment, with King of the North generally showing the lowest injury response. Injury symptoms were not found to be associated with the overall yield or cluster weight. Results suggest that alternative spray programs that exclude sulfur- based fungicides should be recommended for ' Bluebell', 'Baltica', 'Sabrevois', and 'King of the North', whereas sulfur- based fungicides may be applied to 'Alpenglow', 'ES 12- 6- 18', 'Frontenac', 'Frontenac Gris', 'La Crescent', 'Marquette', 'Somerset Seedless', 'St. Croix', and 'Valiant'. Observations on fruit ripening in 2014 suggest that future research is needed to determine if a reduction of fruit quality may occur in some seasons with repeated sulfur applications or with successive annual sulfur applications for susceptible cultivars if used in an organic production system

AN EXAMINATION OF GROUND REACTION FORCES OF THREE POLE VAULT TAKE-OFF STYLES

The purpose of this study was to compare ground reaction forces of pole vault take-offs when the take-off foot is out, on, and under the top hand hold position. The take-off is regarded as the most important phase of the pole vault yet there is an insufficient amount of research on the ground reaction forces of the pole vault take-off. At this time there is not any scientific research comparing ground reaction forces between take-offs that are out, on and under the top hand hold. A total of 108 jumps with a take-off from a force plate were used for analyses. The jumps were put into categories of out, on and under and analyzed by Accupower and Dartfish software. Separate mixed modal ANOVAs were applied (

THE BENEFITS OF STRETCHING DURING IMMOBILZATION

Stretching may help maintain physiological functions during immobilization. We examined the effects of static stretching on calf girth, and dorsiflexion ROM, and plantarflexor strength after two weeks of immobilization. Thirty-six females aged (19.81±2.48) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG), experimental group (EG), or experimental stretching group (ESG). All groups completed pre-test and a post-test measures of muscle girth, dorsiflexion ROM, and plantarflexion strength. The EG and ESG wore an Aircast FP Walker for two weeks on the left leg, with the ESG participating in a stretching program two times each day. ANCOVA’s and least significant differences procedures (