Identification of Phase Transformations During Heating and Cooling for High Iron Chromium Alloy by Dilatometric Method

The phase transformations occur in metals and alloys involves important changes in microstructures according to chemical composition and kinetic of transformations in alloy ,this work deals with many operations and investigation, especially dilatometric test , which enable the achievement of important results for the aim of research. Phase transformation points during heating and cooling by different rates (2-100) C◦/min , for high CR-Fe with high Cr , using dilatometric tests . these tests showed that cooling of this alloy from (950)C◦ , had more than phase transformation during cooling at rate (2-50)C◦/min . while only one transformation –martinsite –during cooling at a rate of (100)C◦/min , as no other transformation at that low temperature . This transformation has high importance to obtain high ,strength, hardness and wear resistance .Those properties are useful for many applications. The phase transformation points of alloy enable the choose of heat treatment required to get the suitable properties. The important results achieved by heating and cooling rates were indication of phase transformation and the time periods of those transformations

EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION STUDY FOR IMPROVING THE SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY BY USING ALUMINUM HEAT SINKS

The research conducted deals with the use of an aluminum heat sink, which is usually used to cool electronic cores and integrated circuits, to cool a solar cell and study the effect of microprocessors and integrated circuits on the performance and temperature of the cell. In this study, an experiment was carried out and simulated using computational fluid dynamics. The results showed that increasing the temperature of the solar cell leads to an accelerated decrease in the open circuit voltage, but when a heat sink is used, the increasing temperature of the cell is reduced more slowly over the same period. Thus, the open circuit voltage drop is reduced more slowly as well, which means the cell operates more efficiently under the same conditions. The temperatures are 290 K at the lowest point and 350 K at the highest point, which shows that heat is being dissipated from the solar cell to the heat sink. It is evident that as the heat sink's number of fins increases, the rate at which heat is transferred increases because the enhanced heat transfer that results from having more fins lowers the heat sink's temperature. These findings can help improve the efficiency of solar power generation and increase the efficiency of solar cells in converting solar energy into electrical energy