Correlates of Choice of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan

Since 1965, contraceptive use rate has been slowly increasing in Pakistan. In 1984-85, contraceptive ever use rate was 11.8 percent and current use rate was 9.1 percent [Government of Pakistan (1986)]. These use rates increased to 20.7 percent and 11.8 percent respectively in 1990-91 [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)]. However, use rates did not increase as expected. Pakistan’s Population Welfare Programme adopted many strategies to increase the use rate of contraceptive methods but although knowledge of contraceptive methods increased to 77.9 percent [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)], use rate remained low. One of the major reasons was inadequate coverage of service delivery. Contraceptive method of choice out of the available variety of contraceptive methods ensures continuation of use and reduces the drop-out rate [Jain (1992)]. The needs and values of individuals change over time and any one method cannot be suitable to an individual’s need all the time. So if more than one method is available, and acceptor can switch over to a more suitable method of choice if the first (or previous) method of choice becomes unacceptable. Also the client’s satisfaction with the method of choice is very important. Clients are best satisfied when they get the methods of their choice from a broad variety or ‘mix’ of contraceptive methods offered on a reliable basis.

Structural Stability of Okun’s Law in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis

This research study reveals about the structural stability and application of the Okun’s law in Pakistan. The law postulates a negative relationship between unemployment rate and GDP growth. It has been originally presented empirically by Arthur Okun in early 1960s. Various studies have been conducted in the past as well on the applicability of the Okun’s law in Pakistan and also around the world. This particular analysis is based on the difference version of the Okun’s law. For this purpose time series data has been taken from 1985 to 2015. ARDL model has been used to find the long-run relationship between the unemployment and real national income. The stability of the model has been checked by applying the dummy variable approach. For this purpose the data period has been segregated into two sections i.e., 1985-2001 and 2002-2015. The dummy results confirm the structural instability in the Okun’s coefficient in Pakistan during the study period. This research also uses the Chow test for the investigation of structural stability of the Okun’s Law in Pakistan. The Chow test also confirmed that there is structural instability. The ARDL results verify the negative long-run relationship between the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate. This research concludes that there is a negative correlation between the two variables but structurally unstable. Keywords GDP, Unemployment, Okun’s Law, Structural stability, Dummy variable approach, Chow test

Structural Stability of Okun’s Law in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis

This research study reveals about the structural stability and application of the Okun’s law in Pakistan. The law postulates a negative relationship between unemployment rate and GDP growth. It has been originally presented empirically by Arthur Okun in early 1960s. Various studies have been conducted in the past as well on the applicability of the Okun’s law in Pakistan and also around the world. This particular analysis is based on the difference version of the Okun’s law. For this purpose time series data has been taken from 1985 to 2015. ARDL model has been used to find the long-run relationship between the unemployment and real national income. The stability of the model has been checked by applying the dummy variable approach. For this purpose the data period has been segregated into two sections i.e., 1985-2001 and 2002-2015. The dummy results confirm the structural instability in the Okun’s coefficient in Pakistan during the study period. This research also uses the Chow test for the investigation of structural stability of the Okun’s Law in Pakistan. The Chow test also confirmed that there is structural instability. The ARDL results verify the negative long-run relationship between the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate. This research concludes that there is a negative correlation between the two variables but structurally unstable. Keywords GDP, Unemployment, Okun’s Law, Structural stability, Dummy variable approach, Chow test

Correlates of Choice of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan

Since 1965, contraceptive use rate has been slowly increasing in Pakistan. In 1984-85, contraceptive ever use rate was 11.8 percent and current use rate was 9.1 percent [Government of Pakistan (1986)]. These use rates increased to 20.7 percent and 11.8 percent respectively in 1990-91 [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)]. However, use rates did not increase as expected. Pakistan’s Population Welfare Programme adopted many strategies to increase the use rate of contraceptive methods but although knowledge of contraceptive methods increased to 77.9 percent [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)], use rate remained low. One of the major reasons was inadequate coverage of service delivery. Contraceptive method of choice out of the available variety of contraceptive methods ensures continuation of use and reduces the drop-out rate [Jain (1992)]. The needs and values of individuals change over time and any one method cannot be suitable to an individual’s need all the time. So if more than one method is available, and acceptor can switch over to a more suitable method of choice if the first (or previous) method of choice becomes unacceptable. Also the client’s satisfaction with the method of choice is very important. Clients are best satisfied when they get the methods of their choice from a broad variety or ‘mix’ of contraceptive methods offered on a reliable basis [Jain (1992)]

Introduction to lattice statistical mechanics

This book is an introduction to statistical mechanics suitable for readers knowing basic measure theory. The mathematical prerequisites are summarized in Chapter 1. It is hoped the reader will be ready to tackle research papers after reading the book. The first part of the text (Chapters 2-4) is concerned with 1-D Ising model. Some examples are described. The second part (Chapter 5) of the text focuses on Ising model on the Cayley tree and 2-D Ising model. Limit Gibbs measure and problem of phase transition for these models are also given. The third part (Appendix) outlines some applications of Ising model and Islamic aspects of the considered subject

To Know the Effectiveness of Disc Excision in the Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Disc

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of disc excision in the treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc.METHODOLOGY METHODOLGY This study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 62 patients had moderate to severe radicular pain due to Prolapsed intervertebral disc at L4/5 or L5/S1. All the enrolled patients were subjected to disc excision surgery. Postoperatively the patients were kept for 48 hours for observation and then discharged. All the patients were advised to come after 2 weeks for the follow-up to check effectiveness. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 34.59± 7.49 years. There were 64.5% male and 35.5% female. 53.2% of patients had L4-L5, 33.9% of patients had L5-S1 and 12.9% of patients had both L4–L5 and L5–S1 level disc herniation. 85.5% of patients had no pain, 8.1% had mild pain and 04.8% had moderate pain. Postoperatively 79.0% of patients were satisfied. CONCLUSION As compared to conservative care limited disc excision is safe, effective, and reliable in terms of pain. Disc excision technique provides immediate relief from radicular pain

Source of Bleeding and Per-Operative Findings in Extradural Hematoma (Edh): A Three-Year Experience in Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the main source of bleeding and operative findings in an extradural hematoma (EDH).   METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. The sample size of the study was analyzed through WHO sample size calculator and 300 diagnosed patients were recruited by purposive sampling technique. Ethical approval was taken from the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP) and the hospital’s ethical committee. By using the SPSS version 23.0, all the collected data were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of enrolled patients was 27.96±12.71 years. There were 65.7% male and 34.3% female. The most common age group was 21–30 years followed by 31 to 40 years and 11 to 20 years with the most common source of bleeding was middle meningeal artery, 39.7% of patients fall in the temporal parietal category. CONCLUSION: Middle meningeal artery is the most common source of bleeding in EDH. Therefore, proper management of this vessel is significant to avoid the chances of re-bleed and re-do surgeries.

Outcome Comparison of Endoscopic (Endonasal Trans-Sphenoidal) Repairs of CSF Leak vs. Transcranial Approach

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of Endoscopic (endonasal transsphenoidal) repair of CSF leak with transcranial approach in terms of post-operative complications.  METHODOLOGY:   This study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Total of 40 patients diagnosed according to inclusion criteria were enrolled and were divided into two groups. One group was treated with endonasal trans-sphenoidal repair, and another was treated with a trans-cranial approach. All patients were followed for 1 year.  RESULTS:  The mean age of enrolled patients was 35.4±11.6 years. There were 62.5% male and 37.5% female. In the endoscopic group the recurrence rate was observed in 3 (15%) of the patients while in the trans-cranial group the recurrence rate was observed in 2 (10%) of the patients. The overall recurrence and success rate was 8% and 92% respectively. About 4 patients developed an infection, which was treated successfully.  CONCLUSION:  It is concluded that the endoscopic approach is safe and effective. The endoscopic approach should be considered as standard procedure for treatment

Internal mammary artery flow in different racial groups of Pakistan

Objective: To find out any differences in free flow of internal mammary artery among different ethnic groups.Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Civil Hospital, Karachi, from January 2013 to December 2015, and comprised patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The participants were divided into 5 groups, i.e. Sindhi, Muslim migrants from India, Punjabi, Pathan and Balochi patients. Free flow of internal mammary artery was measured immediately after harvesting within a syringe, and its flow was measured in 30 seconds. SPSS 18 was used for data analysis.Results: Of the 158 patients, 44(27.8%) were Sindhi, 33(20.9%) Punjabi, 8(5%) Baloch, 21(13.3%) Pathan and 52(32.9%) were migrants. The overall mean age was 52±8 years and the mean flow was 11.6±9.6ml per 30 seconds. The flow was 9.3±6 ml, 10±8ml, 13±11ml, 17±14ml and 15±13 ml in 30 seconds among migrants, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pathan and Baloch patients, respectively, with significant higher flow in Pathan patients compared to Sindhi and migrant patients (pConclusions: Internal mammary artery flow was higher in Pathan and Baloch patients and low in migrants and Sindhis