Political Violence in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1971-1981)

This study deals with an essential topic of contemporary Arab history related to armed violence practiced against the Jordanian state during the period between 1971-1981; this is the period after the Jordanian state regained its sovereignty and ended the chaos and violence practiced by the Palestinian factions against the Jordanian governmental institutions, their service facilities, and political and diplomatic bodies to put pressure on the Jordanian state and push it to implement its requirements. The study focused on researching the causes and motives of violence, and its general and specific objectives, through tracking armed violence operations, tools, and forms, and its victims and analyzing its contents to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of its goals and requirements and to put all of this in a sequential historical context to serve researchers and those interested. Keywords: Political Violence, Palestinian factions, diplomatic bodies, motives of violence, victims, historical context, state DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/13-14-05 Publication date: August 31st 202

Armed Political Conflict Between Supporters of a Civil Rule System and Supporters of a Religious Imamate System in the Sultanate of Oman - Secret British Documents - Oman Encyclopedia Source (1954 - 1971)

This research deals with an important topic of contemporary Arab history and focuses precisely on the armed conflict that the Sultanate of Oman witnessed in the period between May 1954; it is the period that followed the death of Imam Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Khalili to 1971, the period in which the conflict ended after Sultan Qaboos bin Said bin Taimur assumed power. As for the historical sources of research are completely confined to secret British political documents published by the Center for Arab Unity Studies; it was translated by Dr. Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Muhammad al-Harithi in 2007, in six volumes containing more than ten thousand documents. With regard to the methodology, the researcher followed the historical methodology that is based on investigating the educational material and proving it chronologically to clarify the reality of the events satisfactorily and appropriately; the research between the historical and political methodology focuses on highlighting the basic factors of the conflict and the limitation of scientific material and its trial, on identifying the causes of conflict and show its effects on the spatial framework of the research, which is the Sultanate of Oman. Keywords: Oman, History, Politics, Imamate, International Relations. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/13-7-05 Publication date: April 30th 202

Bridging the Gap in Personalized Oncology using Omics Data and Epidemiology

As Personalized Medicine tailored the field of precision oncology, many challenges have been arising to fulfill the dream of a full personalized health integrated system in cancer therapy. Personalized oncology has been addressed through the past decades in multiple disease and various stages using high throughput technology. This review gives hand on recent advances of personalized oncology in several cancer disease models including leukemia, melanoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. Moreover, the review enumerates technology-based assessment of personalized biomarkers, including chip micro-array, organ on chip, and next generation sequencing. Meanwhile addressing challenges faced in implementing true personalized health cancer in oncology setting, this review focuses on bridging the gap between omics data analytics and epidemiology to overcome the true challenge of direct application

Experimental Results Help Shape the Development of Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer

With estimated 700,000 deaths each year, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) continues to be the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Fortunately, the mortality of CRC is considered to be most avertable; hence, it is essential to develop new approaches for more accurate and early diagnosis of primary as well as metastatic CRC, including genetic and biomarker tests. In this regard, the intercellular junctions and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis attract increasing attention, since they are involved in several stages of cancer and for their vital role in regulating cell survival and growth; furthermore, constituents of intercellular junctions and of the IGF axis could be used as tumor and/or metastasis markers, which are becoming the focus of increasing research activities. Our experimental results highlight the importance of gene expression changes in the tight junction proteins claudins, and in the IGF-binding proteins IGFBP3 and IGFBP7. They show additionally that claudins and IGFBPs cannot be simply defined in terms of favoring or antagonizing cancer progression but have additional properties and activities, which become apparent only in the context of liver colonization. Furthermore, their intensive modulation during the initial phase of liver colonization may suggest them as early metastasis-related markers

Modulation of Gene Expression During Stages of Liver Colonization by Pancreatic Cancer in a Rat Model

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is known for its early spreading of tumor cells into the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulated gene expression of PDAC cells during liver colonization. To that purpose, ASML rat pancreatic cancer cells marked with enhanced green fluorescent protein were inoculated into the portal vein of isogenic BDX rats and reisolated from livers by fluorescence-activated cell sorting sorting at early (1, 3 days), intermediate (9 days), advanced (15 days), and terminal (21 days) stages of liver colonization. Reisolated ASML cells were used for total RNA isolation and subsequently their gene expression was investigated by Illumina chip array for mRNA and miRNA species, followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Following reisolation, 7–20% of genes and 10% of miRNA species were modulated significantly in expression during the early stage of liver colonization and continuously thereafter. These overall changes led to distinguish certain categories and processes participating in cancer progression. The knowledge of these alterations in gene expression will suggest targets, which could be used for new diagnostic procedures as well as for combating liver metastasis successfully

Early Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Poses an Option for New Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies

Metastasis is the spread of tumor cells from a primary site to a secondary site within the host’s body. It is initiated by the detachment of the tumor cells from the primary tumor followed by invasion into the surrounding tissue. Thereafter the cells migrate across the endothelium and into the blood vessels (intravasation). During the intravasation the cells have to survive the sheer forces and the immune response. Upon arrival to the target organ, the cells leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to reach the host organ. Once there, the tumor cells are greeted with the organ’s local immune cells and with a hostile or inappropriate environment, where they finally have to form proliferating colonies. Metastasis is therefore far from being a straight-forward or efficient process with less than 0.1% of disseminating tumor cells (around 1 × 109 cells per day for a 1 cm size tumor) succeeding in colonizing distal organs. The identification of the involved marker during the early metastasis process will be essential for establishment of new diagnostics tools, as well as development of novel treatment strategies

A Pharmacogenetic Study of VDR fok1 and TYMS Polymorphisms and Their Association With Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis in Egyptian Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Purpose: Osteonecrosis is a significant toxicity resulting from the treatment of pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D receptor fok1 (VDR fok1) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) gene polymorphisms with the glucocorticoid (GC) induced osteonecrosis (ON) in Egyptian pediatric ALL patients. In addition, to identify the possible association of genetic polymorphisms with other factors such as gender and ALL subtypes.Patients and Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 102 pediatric ALL patients under the age of 18 who were treated at Children Cancer Hospital Egypt according to St Jude SR/HR total XV protocol. The recruited patients were composed of 51 cases who developed GC-induced osteonecrosis and 51 age- and gender-matched patients who received glucocorticoids but remained osteonecrosis-free (controls). Genotyping of the VDR fok1 and TYMS genes was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and conventional PCR, respectively.Results: For the total 102 studied patients, the VDR fok1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) frequency distribution were TT (8.8%), CT (34.3%), and CC (56.9%), while the TYMS tandem repeat gene variations were reported as 2R2R (20.6%), 2R3R (45.1%), and 3R3R (34.3%). VDR fok1 and TYMS polymorphic variants showed no association neither with gender; P-values 0.3808 and 0.1503, respectively, nor with ALL subtypes; P-values 0.9396 and 0.6596, respectively. The VDR fok1 polymorphisms showed a significant association with the development of ON; P-value = 0.003, on the other hand, TYMS tandem repeats did not show significant impact on osteonecrosis development; P-value = 0.411.Conclusion: This study showed a significant association between the VDR fok1 polymorphism and osteonecrosis. Such clinical pharmacogenetics results would be promising to discuss the possibility of dose adjustments aiming a regimen with the highest efficacy and least toxicity