Factors associated with Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder in women: A review article

Globally, the sexual responses of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder-affected women is poorly understood. This deficit is due, in part, to these women being prone to incorrect pathologic rankings in intercourse-related questionnaires, thereby lowering the dependability of results. Although patients with genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder display sexual intent, they typically avoid sexual circumstances in which penetration is involved. Gynaecological examinations are also frequently avoided, despite medical advice. The factors linked to genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder identified in this review are; age, educational status, financial status, different relationship patterns, negative cognition, decreased sexual desire, no use of artificial lubricants, insufficient sexual arousal, history of sexual abuse, contraceptive use, and other pelvic related medical conditions. Women\u27s autonomy over their reproductive choices, as well as widespread access to sexual and reproductive health care, are crucial not just for attaining sustainable development, but also for ensuring women\u27s empowerment. Hence, holistically analysing and managing these components of women\u27s sexual health is vital

Measuring socio-economic status of an urban squatter settlement in Pakistan using WAMI index

Objective: To determine the socio-economic status of a peri-urban community.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Deh Chuhar village, Gaddap Town, Karachi from December 2015 to February 2016. The Water/Sanitation, Assets, Maternal Education and Income Index was used. All variables were given a score on the scale of 0-8. The resulting index was illustrated in the form of quintiles.Results: : A total of 254 households were surveyed. Total population was 2117 with mean number of household members being 8±4. Mean index score was 0.39±0.14 and the median score was 0.375. Percentile distribution of the score indicated that 152(60%) households scored below 0.40 whereas, 51 (20%) were in the highest quintile with a score above 0.50.Conclusions: Water/Sanitation, Assets, Maternal Education and Income index suggested poor socio-economic status of the community studied

Risk factors associated with complications of coronary angiography at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: Coronary Angiography (CA) is the gold standard technique to find out ischemia in coronary arteries through direct visualization of vasculature. There is a minimum risk in CA, however, some post procedure complications have been observed. Non-vascular complications can range from minor to major; for instance: nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, changes in blood pressure, dye induced nephropathy, vasovagal reactions, and chest discomfort etc. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with 70 patients and 70 nurses. The purpose of this study was to check risk factors associated with complications of coronary angiography at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Data was collected through structured and validated checklist to note patients’ demographics and observe nursing practices. The data was analyzed using logistic regression model to find out associations between risk factors and complications. The relationship between nursing practices and complication was analyzed by spearman correlation.Results: The result of this study revealed that the risk factors such as age Patient’s age (P-value \u3c0.038), gender (P-value \u3c0.026), smoking (P-value \u3c0.021), and family history (P-value \u3c0.004) were significantly associated with non-vascular complications of coronary angiography. However, factors such as co-morbidities, body mass index, and medication compliance were found statistically insignificant. The result also revealed that there is strong negative relationship between practice of nurses and development of complication. Conclusion: This study found that Patient’s age, male gender, smoking, daily walk, and family history are associated with non-vascular complications of coronary angiography. We also found the strong negative relationship between safe nursing practices and complication as a patient outcome. This study suggests that patients with these risk factors should be identified before coronary angiography for better prevention of complications

Predictors of uptake of rotavirus vaccination amongst disadvantaged communities in Pakistan

Introduction: Pakistan has the highest childhood mortality associated with diarrheal diseases. The objective of this study is to identify underlying factors contributing to lack of knowledge among mothers regarding vaccine\u27s efficacy in the prevention of diarrhea. Methodology: Secondary data was analyzed from a cross-sectional household survey in Northern Pakistan of eligible households having under-2-year children. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. Results: Only 30% of the mothers had knowledge regarding diarrhea prevention by vaccine. The main factors found significantly correlated with this knowledge were mother\u27s education, distance of households from EPI centers, immunization status of children, counseling regarding clean drinking water and hygiene, provision of ORS, and antenatal care services by LHWs. Conclusion: Women\u27s literacy, access to care and LHW services are important for improving awareness and acceptance of vaccines for vaccine preventable diseases including diarrhea. Policy makers need to focus on improved monitoring and reprioritization of undermined services by LHWs

Predictors of Uptake of Rotavirus Vaccination Amongst Disadvantaged Communities in Pakistan

Introduction. Pakistan has the highest childhood mortality associated with diarrheal diseases. The objective of this study is to identify underlying factors contributing to lack of knowledge among mothers regarding vaccine’s efficacy in the prevention of diarrhea. Methodology. Secondary data was analyzed from a cross-sectional household survey in Northern Pakistan of eligible households having under-2-year children. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. Results. Only 30% of the mothers had knowledge regarding diarrhea prevention by vaccine. The main factors found significantly correlated with this knowledge were mother’s education, distance of households from EPI centers, immunization status of children, counseling regarding clean drinking water and hygiene, provision of ORS, and antenatal care services by LHWs. Conclusion. Women’s literacy, access to care and LHW services are important for improving awareness and acceptance of vaccines for vaccine preventable diseases including diarrhea. Policy makers need to focus on improved monitoring and reprioritization of undermined services by LHWs

Factors associated with parenting stress among mothers of children with developmental disabilities: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Parents of children with developmental disabilities, particularly mothers, are likely to suffer from stress. Nevertheless, the association between parenting stress and the type and extent of disability is far from evident.Methods: To examine the relationship between parenting stress, and type and extent of disability, we collected demographic details and the Parenting Stress Scale from 250 mothers of children with a developmental disability attending special-education schools in Karachi. Type and extent of disability were diagnosed by the school’s psychologist based on DSM criteria. Adjusted beta-coefficients along with a 95% confidence interval were reported using multiple linear regression.Results: The overall mean parenting stress score among mothers was found to be 43.2 (95% CI: 42.3–44.1). A total of 80 mothers (32%) had a child with Intellectual disability (ID), 60 (24%) with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 41 (16%) with Autism, and 69 (28%) with Down syndrome. A large proportion of these children (41%) had mild symptoms and around 26% had severe disability. Multivariable analysis showed that the estimated mean parenting stress score was higher for mothers of children with severe autism (β: 8.09, 95% CI: 3.07, 13.11), severe ID (β: 7.45, 95% CI: 3.71, 11.19) and severe ADHD (β: 7.03, 95% CI: 2.62, 11.44) compared to mothers of children with mild autism, ID, and ADHD.Conclusion: Nurturing a child with special care needs is challenging for mothers. Appropriate clinical services aiming to support parents of children with various disabilities should offer resources to educate and enable mothers to manage their child’s disabilities and needs. Tailored parenting interventions must also be introduced to reduce the levels of stress among mothers

The role of family and culture in the disclosure of bad news: A multicentre cross-sectional study in Pakistan

Objectives: Disclosure of bad news is distressing for patients and family members. Our aim was to assess patients\u27 perceptions and preferences regarding bad news in the health setting.Methods: Cross-sectional, multi-centered study supported by an external grant in 15 Government and Private Hospitals across Pakistan. A sample size of 1673 patients and family members was used. Ethics permission/consent was taken from each participating hospital and participant. Responses were compared across provinces, gender, age, education and income.Results: \u3e80% patients preferred their relatives to know the diagnosis first and they wanted the news to be disclosed to them by doctors. Significant association between education level, income and preference for wanting to know the diagnosis was found. Reasons for wanting to know the diagnosis included treatment, prognosis and prevention options whereas reasons for not wanting to know included fear of emotions and God\u27s will.Conclusion: The majority of Pakistani patients want to be informed and want the family to know first. Preferences for disclosure vary across, age, education and income level.Innovation: First countrywide study on this topic. Identifies need for culturally sensitive guidelines that include the family\u27s role in disclosure of bad news

Demographic psychosocial factors associated with internet addiction among the Pakistani population during COVID-19: A web-based survey

This study aims to determine the burden of COVID19-induced internet addiction and related psychosocial factors among the Pakistani sample. A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2021. An analytical crosssectional survey was broadcast on the internet via a Google form completed by 1145 Pakistanis. Individuals aged 13 years and above with competency to comprehend English or Urdu language, currently residing in any province of Pakistan, having access to the questionnaire, and willing to participate were eligible to participate. Overseas Pakistanis were excluded from the study. The outcome is COVID19-induced internet addiction was measured using the validated tool Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT). In addition, symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and other psychosocial factors were assessed using the validated tool Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval were reported using multinomial logistic regression. Most participants were females and youth (between 20 and 24 years). The prevalence of problematic internet users (PIU) and addictive internet users (AIU) was 27.3% and 11.3%, respectively. The odds of extremely severe anxiety among AIU were approximately three times (Adj OR: 2.6 (1.1-7.1), followed by the odds of having extremely severe stress being about five times higher among AIU (Adj OR: 5.4 (1.6-17.6)) as compared to normal internet users (NIU). Amid COVID-19, the burden of internet addiction has surged among the Pakistani populace. This study identified that gender, marital status, depression, stress, anxiety, work situation, and mood changes during the COVID-19 pandemic are significantly correlated with problematic and addictive internet use. Preventative measures against the addictive use of the internet are needed to avoid or mitigate any serious mental health problem

COVID-19 pandemic impacted internet use and anxiety among general public during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the association between internet use and anxiety among people during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic.Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted across Pakistan from January 14 to February 21, 2021, which was the active phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic in Pakistan. The participants were aged at least 13 years having internet access regardless of gender or their location across Pakistan. The anonymous web-based survey was conducted using a questionnaire generated on Google Forms and disseminated through various social media platforms and WhatsApp groups. Anxiety symptoms were screened using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, while the Young Internet Addiction Test was used to evaluate symptoms of internet addiction. Data was analysed using STATA 16.Results: Of the 1,145 subjects, 686(60%) were females and 459(40%) were males. A total of 257(22.5%) participants were found to have extremely severe anxiety and internet usage pattern was significantly associated with the level of anxiety (p\u3c0.05). Age, gender, social class and marital status were not significantly different (p\u3e0.05), while family income and area of living were significantly different (p\u3c0.05) in terms of anxity levels. . The odd of addictive internet use was 10.2 (95% confidence interval: 5.7-18.5) times greater in extreme anxiety individuals compared to individuals having no anxiety after controlling for other sociodemographic, health-related, behavioral and environmental factors during the pandemic.Conclusion: A significant association of anxiety was found with internet addiction during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic