Discourse On Translation Involving The Malay Language.

Discourse on translation is taken to mean any text which expresses the writer's views and thoughts on translation, which may include methods and principles of translation. Although discourse on translation is a key component in the Malay translation tradition, this aspect of translation has received very little attention in discussion on the history of translation involving the Malay language

The publication of Malay literary works in English translation: problems of translating from a language of limited diffusion (LLD)

This thesis addresses the issue of the publication of translations, specifically the under-representation of literary works in one language of limited diffusion (LLD), the Malay language, in English translation. It sets out to examine the role of two parties which are thought to play a vital role in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation for international consumption: publishers in the United Kingdom and the translation organisation in Malaysia. The aim of the research, more specifically, is to investigate how both parties bear upon the translation of Malay literary works into English. Some of the questions which are central to the issue of the publication of Malay literary works in English translation include: To what extent are the two parties involved in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation for international consumption? What are the policies of these organisations where the translation of Malay literary works and other literary works in LLD are concerned? Who decides what to translate? What factors are taken into account in deciding what to publish in English translation? Given that this thesis sets out to examine the role of the two parties mentioned above, two main strategies have been employed: surveys and case studies. Drawing on responses from individuals from publishing companies, translation organisations, and other organisations which support translation, I have been able to show that the problem in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation is not merely a translation problem but also a problem of image and promotion. This study thus details the different forces working against the translation of Malay literary works into English for international consumption

Indirect translation and the influence of the mediating text : the case of Le Petit Prince in Malay

An indirect translation is a translation that is carried out based on a text which is also a translation. The source text for the indirect translation is therefore the text that mediates between the indirect translation and the original or ultimate source text. Considering the fact that an indirect translation is twice removed from the ultimate source text, a pertinent issue arising from this practice is whether there are differences between the indirect translation and the ultimate source text because of the use of the mediating text. This paper aims to explore this issue by comparing and analysing three texts: a French source text entitled Le Petit Prince, the English mediating text entitled The Little Prince, and an indirect translation in Malay entitled Putera Cilik. A comparison of the three texts first necessitates the mapping of each sentence of the Malay translation to its counterparts in English and in French. An analysis is then carried out on the sets of texts to determine whether there are discrepancies between the Malay translation and the French text. The findings show that generally, the Malay translation closely reflects the French source text. Where discrepancies do exist between the Malay translation and the French source text due to adjustments made in the translation, the English mediating text does play a role. It is, however, not necessarily the sole contributing factor, as some of the discrepancies can also be attributed to the translator of the target text

The translation of foreign words in an English novel into Malay

One aspect of language appropriation is the inclusion of foreign words in an English text with the aim of highlighting certain aspects of a culture. This results in a text in which the dominant language, English, is interspersed with foreign words. In the context of translation studies, this phenomenon raises the question of how these foreign words are dealt with when the text is translated. This paper aims to examine this issue by analysing the translation into Malay of foreign words in the English novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns. More specifically, the aim is to determine the translation procedures and the translation strategy used. Foreign words in the English text are first identified and then mapped to their translations in the Malay text. Using Pedersen�s (2011) taxonomy of strategies in rendering cultural references, the word pairs are analysed in order to determine the translation procedures used. The analysis reveals a total of 174 foreign words in Hosseini�s English novel. The mapping of these foreign words to their target language equivalents shows that the procedure used most frequently is retention. In addition, the procedures of retention and specification make up approximately 70 per cent of the procedures used. This in turn points to the adoption of a source-oriented strategy in translating the text. The findings suggest that the translator places priority on faithfulness to the source text; however, measures are also taken by the translator to ensure the comprehensibility of the translation for the target readers

Exploring the translation of non-verbal behaviour in fiction into Malay

Non-verbal behaviour is often incorporated in literary fiction to complement or replace the verbal behaviour of characters. Because of its ability to convey messages, it is considered as equally important as verbal behaviour in a literary text. Taking this as a starting point, this study aims to explore the issue of non-verbal behaviour in translation. More specifically, the study aims to determine how the translation of non-verbal behaviour is dealt with in literary fiction, to discuss the implications of the use of different techniques in translating non-verbal behaviour, and finally to suggest techniques that can successfully convey the meaning of nonverbal behaviour in translation. The study uses as its source of data an English novel entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns, and its Malay translation, Seribu Matahari Syurga, and is guided by Poyatos’ (2002b) framework on how non-verbal behaviour can be communicated in fiction. The analysis shows that non-verbal behaviour is either described or omitted in translation. The description of non-verbal behaviour, however, does not guarantee that meaning is successfully conveyed to the target readers. Likewise, the omission of non-verbal behaviour in the translation does not automatically imply loss of meaning. What is important is the reproduction of the same function or meaning in the translated text. The findings of this study underline the importance of properly addressing non-verbal behaviour in translation and demonstrate how the functional approach in translation can be employed to find not only suitable solutions to translations problems but also those which are meaningful to the target readers

Reaching out to the readers: The translation of Japanese manga in Malaysia

One of the most recognisable aspects of Japanese pop culture which has invaded Malaysia is the Japanese comic or manga. It appears in translation in both Malay and English in Malaysia. Taking into account its foreign origin and the fact that translated manga is targeted at a local readership, translators often resort to the use of notes in the translations in order to assist the readers. This study, thus, intends to examine the type of notes used in the Malay and English translations of Japanese manga, and to determine items in the Japanese manga which required clarification and for which notes are provided. To analyse the use of notes by the translator in the translated manga, this study adopts a qualitative content analysis approach. The analysis involves six Japanese manga and their corresponding translations in Malay and English. The findings show that the translators employ the use of three different types of notes in the translation: notes on the image, notes in the gutter and notes at the end of the text. The analysis also shows that the elements in the Japanese manga which require clarification in translation are giongo/gitaigo, inscriptions, culture-specific elements, wordplay, technical terms and honorifics. There is also a minor difference between the Malay and English translations where the use of notes is concerned. Based on the findings, it is concluded that notes are important in translated versions of the manga in Malaysia in that they provide assistance to readers in understanding certain aspects of the manga

Retranslation in the Malaysian context: the case of two Malay translations of Almayer’s Folly

Retranslation can be understood as a new translation in a particular target language of a text that has already been translated into the same target language. Retranslation is premised on the concept of the difference between the first translation and the subsequent translation. Considering the fact that change is involved in the process of retranslating, one question that arises is about the nature of the changes that take place. In other words, in what way does the retranslation differ from the initial translation? This paper aims to explore this issue via an exploration of two Malay translations of Joseph Conrad’s Almayer’s Folly. Specifically, the paper aims to discuss differences between the two translations and determine the factors that may have influenced the translational choices. In order to carry out the study, the two Malay translations of Almayer’s Folly, Istana Impian (1967) and Kemudi (2016), are compared to their English source text, and the historical context of both translations is explored. The textual analysis identified three main points where the translations differ, i.e. in the treatment of proper names, in the treatment of some English words, and in the treatment of certain expressions. It is also found that these translational choices are not arbitrary. This study underscores the importance of understanding the historical context of a (re)translation, as it is only when a translation is properly contextualised that it becomes clear that translational choices may be motivated by factors outside the text

Penterjemahan gaya bahasa daripada Bahasa Inggeris kepada Bahasa Melayu dalam baris kepala iklan

Baris kepala dalam iklan berfungsi bukan sahaja untuk menyampaikan mesej tertentu tetapi juga untuk menarik perhatian pembaca. Oleh itu, baris kepala mestilah ditulis dengan cara yang dapat memenuhi kedua-dua fungsi ini. Dalam konteks negara berbilang bahasa seperti Malaysia, dapat dikatakan bahawa baris kepala yang diterjemahkan mesti berfungsi sama seperti baris kepala dalam teks asal dan seterusnya dapat menarik perhatian pembaca sasarannya. Dengan mengambil kira perkara ini, makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fungsi baris kepala dalam iklan bahasa Inggeris, menentukan unsur gaya bahasa yang digunakan dalam iklan tersebut, meneliti cara baris kepala tersebut diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Melayu dan seterusnya mengenal pasti kesan penggunaan prosedur terjemahan tersebut terhadap fungsi baris kepala dalam iklan. Analisis ini yang melibatkan enam set teks iklan bahasa Inggeris-bahasa Melayu mendapati bahawa baris kepala dalam iklan bahasa Inggeris mempunyai pelbagai fungsi dan menggunakan pelbagai unsur gaya bahasa. Analisis ini juga menunjukkan bahawa sesetengah baris kepala yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Melayu tidak menggunakan sebarang unsur gaya bahasa. Walau bagaimanapun, fungsi iklan tersebut masih dapat dikekalkan dalam terjemahan bahasa Melayu. Walaupun pengekalan fungsi ini merupakan satu aspek positif dalam proses pemindahan ke dalam satu bahasa yang lain, iklan dalam bahasa Melayu dirasakan akan menjadi lebih menarik jika ia turut menggunakan unsur gaya bahasa atau unsur retorik yang lain

Procedures in the translation of proper names in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire into Malay

In fantasy fiction, names play a fundamental role in portraying the characters’ personality traits and identity. Names are also sometimes chosen to create certain effects. The fact that names may carry meaning raises the question of how names are dealt with in translation. This issue is especially pertinent in the case of the Harry Potter novels in which many of the names have associative meanings. In view of this, the aim of this study is to determine the procedures used in the translation of some of the proper names in the novel ‘Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire’ into Malay. The study also aims to discuss the effects resulting from the use of the translation procedures. To carry out the study, the proper names in the novel are first identified based on the definition of proper names by Fernandes (2006). Next, the names are mapped to their Malay counterparts. The procedures for the translation of proper names proposed by Fernandes (2006) are then used to analyse how the names are translated into Malay. Finally, the concept of ‘translation loss’ by Hervey and Higgins (1992) is used to determine the effects resulting from the use of the translation procedures. The analysis reveals that a number of different procedures are used to translate the names into Malay. The procedures used have resulted in the loss of hidden meanings in the names, the loss of the creative aspect of the names and the loss of the casual style of the original

From ‘Ratcatraz Prison’ to ‘Penjara Pudutikus’: lexical creativity in children’s literature and its translation into Malay

Lexical creativity is one of the ways through which authors of children’s literature shape their stories, entertain children and build their identity and style. In spite of their uniqueness, creative lexical items are often replaced with more common words in translation, a phenomenon described through the law of growing standardisation hypothesis. In view of the importance of creative lexical items in children’s literature, there is a need to explore how creativity is transferred in the process of translation. This study is carried out to examine the translation of lexical creativity in children’s literature from English to Malay. More specifically, the aims of the study are to identify the types of creative lexical items in children’s literature in English and to determine how translators transfer creativity from English into Malay. The study also aims to determine whether the hypothesis of the law of growing standardisation applies in the context of the translation of children’s literature from English into Malay. The study employs a corpus-based model for research on the translation of creative lexical items. Corpus analysis tools are used to identify different forms of creative lexical items and to identify the translations for these items. Based on the analysis, five types of creative lexical items are identified; many, however, are replaced with common words when translated into Malay, resulting in the loss of unique features of the original works. It is, however, also found that translators compensate for some of these losses by introducing other elements in the Malay translations