Degeneracy between primordial non-Gaussianity and interaction in the dark sector

If dark energy and dark matter interact via exchange of energy and momentum, then this may affect the galaxy power spectrum on large scales. When this happens, it may be degenerate with the signal from primordial non-Gaussianity via a scale-dependent bias. We consider a class of interacting dark energy models and show that the matter overdensity is scale dependent on large scales. We estimate the effective non-Gaussianity arising from the large-scale effects of interaction in the dark sector. The signal of dark sector interaction can be disentangled from a primordial non-Gaussian signal by measuring the power at two redshifts

Exploring clinical and economic value of novel therapies in oncology; contemporary challenges and applications

Organizations that evaluate health technologies face significant challenges when dealing with uncertain evidence. The evidence they evaluate is often based on short-term measures instead of long-term ones, single-arm trials instead of randomized clinical trials, or incomplete data without enough long-term follow-up. This reality means these national agencies must make recommendations based on incomplete or immature information. This thesis addresses ways to handle incomplete or immature survival data in oncology, where prolonging survival is the ultimate goal of novel cancer treatments. The thesis is divided into three main parts.Part I focused on understanding how surrogate measures relate to overall survival. My studies highlighted the role of post-progression treatments in assessing surrogate endpoints in lung cancer, which can apply to other cancer types and offer a valuable tool for decision-makers to assess observed treatment effects on surrogate endpoints. In addition, I shed light on new candidate surrogate outcomes in lung cancer and multiple myeloma.Part II focused on comparing treatments by considering differences in population characteristics. My studies employed the best approach to promptly inform decision-makers regarding treatment efficacy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. In the future, I expect the use of alternative methods suitable for the evolving clinical evidence available in the public domain.Part III focused on the inclusion of historical data to estimate overall survival. Using external data to improve survival extrapolations represents a sensible alternative to trial-oriented analyses - for less uncertainty and better decision-making. This approach is contingent upon their relevance to the decision problem and method choice. My studies were further used for HTA interaction for reduced uncertainties and better decision-making.These topics are some of the biggest challenges in evaluating health technologies in cancer treatment. The findings from this thesis should assist manufacturers and health technology assessment agencies in better determining the value of new therapies in terms of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness

Performance of Dyeing and Printing of Polyester / Viscose Yarns Blends for Clothing use

This study highlights the effects of the dyeing and printing processes on the tensile strength of blended suiting fabrics (65% polyester : 35% viscose) as compared to grey blended fabrics. The obtained results showed negative effects of dying and printing applications on the strength of the produced fabrics. Also, there were positive effects of dying and printing applications on the elasticity of produced fabrics. The strength of the printed fabric along the warp direction was found to be greater than that of the dyed. As well the strength of the dyed fabric along the weft direction was found to be greater than that of the printed. It was found that the elongation of the printed fabric along the warp direction was greater than that of the dye

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block: Review article

Background: The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a localized analgesic method for the abdomen wall on the anterolateral side. Ultrasound (US) guided TAP blocks are currently regarded as the gold standard. It is simple to obtain US images; it could be utilized in several surgical procedures including the abdominal wall on the anterolateral side. Though, US-guided TAP blocks’ effectiveness varies, that may be owing to the variety of techniques used. The approach chosen has an effect on the area included and the duration of the block. To examine the true analgesic consequences of TAP blocks, we standardized the nomenclature system and defined all methods. While a single-shot TAP block has a restricted period, it remains an applicant for the analgesia threshold for abdominal wall operation due to the possibility of overcoming this restriction using the catheter method and liposomal bupivacaine. TAP blocks could be used more effectively to attain improvement of pain control with an integrated nomenclature and the advance of catheter method and/or local liposomal analgesics. Objective: This review discusses the nomenclature system and current improvements in TAP block approaches. Methods: The databases were searched for articles published in English in 4 data bases [PubMed – Google scholar- Egyptian bank of knowledge -Science direct] and Boolean operators (and, or, not) had been used such as [Transversus abdominis plane block AND Internal Oblique Muscle OR Ultrasound guided] and in peer-reviewed articles between January 2000 and August 2021.Conclusion: With the improvement in US method, the successful rate and protection of TAP blocks have clearly enhanced

Building stellar bulges and halo cores from massive clumps observed in the DYNAMO-HST sample

We present N-body simulations of the process of bulge formation in disc galaxies due to inward migration of massive stellar clumps. The process is accompanied by dark halo heating, with a quasi-isothermal core replacing the initial central density cusp, transforming an initially dark matter dominated central region into a baryon dominated one. The characteristics of the clumps are chosen to be compatible with low redshift observations of stellar clumps in DYNAMO-HST galaxies, which may be relatively long lived in terms of being robust against internal starburst-instigated disruption. We thus test for disruption due to tidal stripping using different clump internal radial profiles; Plummer, Hernquist and Jaffe, in ascending order of steeper central density profile. Our calculations predict that in order for clump migration to be effective in building galactic bulges and dark halo cores, steeply increasing central clump profiles, or a less massive or less concentrated haloes, are preferred. The dependence on such factors may contribute to the diversity in observed total mass distributions and resulting rotation curves in galaxies. When the process is most efficient, a 'bulge-halo conspiracy', with a singular isothermal total density akin to that observed bright galaxies, results.Comment: Minor changes. To appear in MNRA

The Study Effect of Zinc and Calcium on Cardiovascular Diseases

This study conducted on too Iraqi patient with chronic atherosclerosis at age rang (29-70years) in Baquba teaching hospital in (center care unit ) during the period from 25 September 2020to may 2021 . The patients divided in (55 mans and 45 patients ) the total patient divided in tow groups according the treatment (30) of total patient under go to treatment for two to three days after atherosclerosis and 70 patient in same day of diagnosis of atherosclerosis . the study showed Decreasing in electrolytes Ca and Zn values

Extrapolating Survival Data Using Historical Trial-Based a Priori Distributions

Objectives: To show how clinical trial data can be extrapolated using historical trial data-based a priori distributions. Methods: Extrapolations based on 30-month pivotal multiplemyeloma trial data were compared with 75-month data from the same trial. The 30-month data represent a typical decision-making scenario where early results from a clinical trial are extrapolated. Mature historical trial data with the same comparator as in the pivotal trial were incorporated in 2 stages. First, the parametric distribution selection was based on the historical trial data. Second, the shape parameter estimate of the historical trial was used to define an informative a priori distribution for the shape of the 30-month pivotal trial data. The method was compared with standard approaches, fitting parametric distributions to the 30-month data with noninformative prior. The predicted survival of each method was compared with the observed survival (DAUC) in the 75-month trial data. Results: The Weibull had the best fit to the historical trial and the log-normal to the 30-month pivotal trial data. The DAUC of the Weibull with informative priors was considerably smaller compared with the standard Weibull. Also, the predicted median survival based on the Weibull with informative priors was more accurate (melphalan and prednisone [MP] 40 months, and bortezomib [V] combined with MP [VMP] 62 months) than based on the standard Weibull (MP 45 months and VMP 72 months) when compared with the observed median (MP 41.3 months and VMP 56.4 months). Conclusions: Extrapolation of clinical trial data is improved by using historical trial data-based informative a priori distributions

Halo heating from fluctuating gas in a model dwarf

The cold dark matter (CDM) structure formation scenario faces challenges on (sub)galactic scales, central among them being the `cusp-core' problem. A known remedy, driving CDM out of galactic centres, invokes interactions with baryons, through fluctuations in the gravitational potential arising from feedback or orbiting clumps of gas or stars. Here we interpret core formation in a hydrodynamic simulation in terms of a theoretical formulation, which may be considered a generalisation of Chandrasekhar's theory of two body relaxation to the case when the density fluctuations do not arise from white noise; it presents a simple characterisation of the effects of complex hydrodynamics and `subgrid physics'. The power spectrum of gaseous fluctuations is found to follow a power law over a range of scales, appropriate for a fully turbulent compressible medium. The potential fluctuations leading to core formation are nearly normally distributed, which allows for the energy transfer leading to core formation to be described as a standard diffusion process, initially increasing the velocity dispersion of test particles as in Chandrasekhar's theory. We calculate the energy transfer from the fluctuating gas to the halo and find it consistent with theoretical expectations. We also examine how the initial kinetic energy input to halo particles is redistributed to form a core. The temporal mass decrease inside the forming core may be fit by an exponential form; a simple prescription based on our model associates the characteristic timescale with an energy relaxation time. We compare the resulting theoretical density distribution with that in the simulation.Comment: 15 pages, 17 figures. Comments welcome