Automatic Generation Control Problem in Interconnected Power Systems

The present article is aimed to discuss the various operational and control aspects of interconnected power systems. The structure of present day power systems is discussed and it is followed by the identification of automatic generation control (AGC) problem among the overall control of interconnected power systems. The article describes the duties and functional areas of AGC in a power system. The relevant aspects of frequency deviations and associated operating controls, structure of frequency control loops and functions of typical AGC system are described. Keywords: Interconnected power systems, EHVAC/DVDC transmission links, Control function hierarchy, Subsystems, Primary, secondary and emergency control

ENHANCING OF ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

Among various routes of drug delivery, Oral administration is the most convenient route because of its high patient compliance. Although oral drug delivery is effective for drugs with high aqueous solubility and epithelial permeability; however for poorly aqueous soluble drug the membrane permeability, chemical, and enzymatic stability of drugs are the major limitations in successful oral drug delivery. Almost 70% of the new drug candidates which shows poor bioavailability, the antihypertensive drugs are among those. Novel drug delivery systems are available in many areas to overcome the problems associated with hydrophobic drugs and the nanotechnology-based drug delivery system is the most potential to beat the challenges related to the oral route of administration with some important advantages such as the colloidal size, biocompatibility, lowered dose size, reduced toxicity, patient compliance and drug targeting. The foremost common nanotechnology-based strategies utilized in the development of delivery systems are nano-emulsions, nano-suspensions, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, Self-Nano-emulsifying Drug Delivery System, proliposomes, nano-crystals, and so forth, which give controlled, sustained, and targeted drug delivery. The appliance of those systems within the treatment of hypertension continues to broaden. This review focuses on various nano-carriers available in oral drug administration for improving solubility profile, dissolution, and consequently bioavailability of hydrophobic antihypertensive drugs

Mutations in HYAL2, Encoding Hyaluronidase 2, Cause a Syndrome of Orofacial Clefting and Cor Triatriatum Sinister in Humans and Mice.

Orofacial clefting is amongst the most common of birth defects, with both genetic and environmental components. Although numerous studies have been undertaken to investigate the complexities of the genetic etiology of this heterogeneous condition, this factor remains incompletely understood. Here, we describe mutations in the HYAL2 gene as a cause of syndromic orofacial clefting. HYAL2, encoding hyaluronidase 2, degrades extracellular hyaluronan, a critical component of the developing heart and palatal shelf matrix. Transfection assays demonstrated that the gene mutations destabilize the molecule, dramatically reducing HYAL2 protein levels. Consistent with the clinical presentation in affected individuals, investigations of Hyal2-/- mice revealed craniofacial abnormalities, including submucosal cleft palate. In addition, cor triatriatum sinister and hearing loss, identified in a proportion of Hyal2-/- mice, were also found as incompletely penetrant features in affected humans. Taken together our findings identify a new genetic cause of orofacial clefting in humans and mice, and define the first molecular cause of human cor triatriatum sinister, illustrating the fundamental importance of HYAL2 and hyaluronan turnover for normal human and mouse development

Nationality, statelessness, and human rights: Does ‘everyone’ really have the right to nationality under Article 15 of the UDHR?

The inclusion of the right to nationality in article 15 of the UDHR in 1948 was driven by the impulse to respond to the Second World War’s mass denationalisation. Since then, this article has been a polestar to guide states to address statelessness that may accrue in absence of nationality of any group or individual. But, despite that, statelessness has been a major challenge until now. This chapter investigates to what extent the right to nationality has been achieved to everyone’s right. After a critical analysis of the history, politics, and laws on the right to nationality and statelessness, it focuses on the contents and influences of article 15 at different levels. It then reveals the challenges, which intensify denationalisation, and thus, defy the main purpose of article 15 through two contemporary examples of statelessness, i.e., Rohingya, and Roma. In conclusion, a few recommendations are made so that the practices of (non)granting nationality are better aligned with human rights principles and secure ‘other’ human rights which are contingent upon having the right to a nationality