Nanofluids and Computational Applications in Medicine and Biology

The chapter comprises of two sections: the first concerns with the nanofluids, and the second is about the computational applications in medicine and biology. Nanotechnology is a novel logical methodology that includes materials and gear equipped for controlling the physical just as chemical properties of a substance at subatomic dimensions. This innovation can possibly expel the evident limits between biology, physics, and chemistry to some degree and shape up our present thoughts and comprehension. Consequently, numerous new difficulties and bearings may likewise emerge in education, research, and diagnostics in parallel by the extensive use of nanobiotechnology with the progression of time. Blood flow modeling in various arteries is an important topic of CFD biomechanics. Regardless of these endeavors and advances, there are as yet confounded inquiries around, for example, the interaction between blood flow and various artery diseases

Optimization of Heat Treatment Parameters for the Tensile Properties of Medium Carbon Steel

The purpose of this study is designate quenching and tempering heat treatment by using Taguchi technique to determination optimal factors of heat treatment (tempering temperature, percentage of nanoparticles, type of base media, nanoparticles type and tempering time)for increasing ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and ductility properties of medium carbon steel. An (L18) orthogonal array was chosen for the design of experiment. The optimum process parameters were determined by using signal-to-noise ratio (larger is better) criterion. The importance levels of process parameters on tensile properties were obtained by using analysis of variance, which applied with the help of (Minitab18) software. Percentage of volumetric fractions of nanoparticles with three different levels(0.01, 0.03 and 0.08 %) were prepared by dispersing nanoparticles that are (α-Al2O3,TiO2 and CuO) with base fluids (De-ionized water, salt solution and engine oil).Medium carbon steel specimens were suffered to hardening and tempering heat treatment process. The variables of tempering heat treatment were temperatures (400 C˚, 550 C˚) and a soaking times (30, 45 and 60 minutes) respectively. Tensile testing performed on samples using united universal hydraulic machine. The results for ( S/N) ratios showed the order of the factors in terms of the proportion of their effect on ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and ductility properties as follow: Tempering temperature ( 400 C˚) ,Nanoparticles type (TiO2 ),Tempering time (30 min),Type of base media (salt solution, engine oil) and Percentage of nanoparticles ( 0.03%) was the least influence for ultimate strength and yield strength while for the elongation were as follows: Tempering temperature (550 C˚),Tempering time(60min), Nanoparticles type (CuO),Type of base media (deionized water) and last percentage of nanoparticles (0.08%)

Influence of Water on Anchor Plate Behavior in Sandy Soil with and Without Improvement

Plate anchors are one of the most common types of ground anchors used in foundation systems, as they transfer loads from the foundation to the soil to prevent overturning the foundation and overcome the forces that could threaten the integrity of the structure. The present work concerns the study of the combined effects among the behavior of the anchor plate in sandy soil with and without water presence as a static state at a different head level (h=15, 30, and 40 cm) above the base of the anchor plate and for two states of the soil with improvement by geogrid at various location and without improvement. The soil sample was brought from AL-Nidaa district in the city of AL-Najaf (Iraq). The highest value of the ultimate uplift capacity is observed when the geogrid layer is adjacent to the anchor plate for dry and submerged cases of the soil. The negative effect of the presence of the geogrid layer appears when the water table level rises above the ground surface level

Complications Using Bioabsorbable Cross-Pin Femoral Fixation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

The use of bioabsorbable cross-pin transcondylar fixation has remained a viable option for femoral fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Although numerous biomechanical studies have demonstrated high fixation strength and minimal slippage with use of this method of fixation, there have been increasing reports of a variety of clinical complications associated with these implants. We reviewed the literature for all complications associated with the Bio-TransFix implant and present a case report of a patient status after ACL reconstruction using Bio-TransFix cross-pin femoral fixation with iliotibial band friction syndrome from a broken cross-pin four month post-operatively

The Cut-off Values of Triglycerides - Glucose Index for Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

يؤدي حدوث متلازمة الأيض مع داء السكري من النوع 2 الى زيادة شدة المرض والوفيات المرتبطة بكل منهما. يوصى باستخدام مؤشر الجلوكوز الصائم للدهون الثلاثية (مؤشر TyG) كعلامة مفيدة للتنبؤ بمتلازمة التمثيل الغذائي. كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد القيم الحدية لنوع Triglyceride-Glucose لتشخيص متلازمة الأيض في داء السكري من النوع الثاني. تم جمع البيانات من مستشفيات بغداد في الفترة ما بين مايو وديسمبر 2019. وكان عدد المشاركين المؤهلين 424 حيث تم قياس الجلوكوز في الدم في وضع الصيام ، مستوى الدهون ، مستوى HbA1c. فضلا عن قياس ضغط الدم وتم حساب مؤشر Triglyceride-Glucose . تم الحصول على الموافقة الأخلاقية والموافقة المستنيرة .استخدم برنامج SPSS لمعالجة البيانات. أظهر مرضى السكري الذين يعانون من متلازمة الأيض زيادة مستوى مؤشر TyG. ازداد انتشار متلازمة الأيض مع زيادة مؤشر TyG. أظهر مؤشر TyG ارتباطًا كبيرًا مع جميع مكونات متلازمة الأيض. حيث ارتبط طرديا مع مستوى الكاوكوز في الدم ومحيط الخصر ,مستوى الدهون وضغط الدم الانبساطي بينما تناسب عكسيا مع مستوى الكولسترول النافع .مقدار قيمة القطع الأمثل للمؤشر كانت 9.14 ، 9.28 للذكور والإناث على التوالي.نستنج من الدراسة ان مؤشر TyG ملائم للكشف عن متلازمة الأيض في داء السكري من النوع الثاني       The co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will potentiate the morbidity and mortality that may be associated with each case. Fasting triglycerides-glucose index (TyG index) has been recommended as a useful marker to predict metabolic syndrome. Our study aimed to introduce gender-specific cut-off values of triglycerides- glucose index   for diagnosing metabolic syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The data were collected from Baghdad hospitals between May - December 2019. The number of eligible participants was 424. National cholesterol education program, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome. Measurement of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, HbA1c level, blood pressure, and anthropometric were done and the triglyceride-glucose index was calculated. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained .SPSS was used to analyze the data. Diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome showed an increased level of TyG Index. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with increased TyG index quartiles. The TyG-Index showed significant correlations with all components of metabolic syndrome. The optimal cut-off value revealed 9.14, 9.28 for males and females respectively. In conclusion, TyG index is a good predictor of the presence of MetS in T2DM the TyG index, just measured in one laboratory test, is simple, informative and more suitable for the detection of metabolic syndrome in Iraqi type 2 diabetes mellitus

Review of the state of the art of deep learning for plant diseases: a broad analysis and discussion

Deep learning (DL) represents the golden era in the machine learning (ML) domain, and it has gradually become the leading approach in many fields. It is currently playing a vital role in the early detection and classification of plant diseases. The use of ML techniques in this field is viewed as having brought considerable improvement in cultivation productivity sectors, particularly with the recent emergence of DL, which seems to have increased accuracy levels. Recently, many DL architectures have been implemented accompanying visualisation techniques that are essential for determining symptoms and classifying plant diseases. This review investigates and analyses the most recent methods, developed over three years leading up to 2020, for training, augmentation, feature fusion and extraction, recognising and counting crops, and detecting plant diseases, including how these methods can be harnessed to feed deep classifiers and their effects on classifier accuracy

A Detailed Hydrodynamic Study of the Split-Plate Airlift Reactor by using Non-Invasive Gamma-Ray Techniques

This study focused on detailed investigations of selected local hydrodynamics in split airlift reactor by using an unconventional measurements facility: computed tomography (CT) and radioactive particle tracking (RPT). The local distribution in a cross-sectional manner with its radial\u27s profiles for gas holdup, liquid velocity flow field, shear stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy were studied under various gas velocity 1, 2 and 3 cm/s with various six axial level z = 12, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 112 cm. The distribution in gas–liquid phases in the whole split reactor column, the riser and downcomer sides, including their behavior at the top and bottom sections of the split plate was also described. The outcomes of this study displayed an exemplary gas–liquid phases dispersion approximately in all reactor\u27s zones and had large magnitude over the ring of the sparger as well as upper the split plate. Furthermore, the outcomes pointed out that the distribution of this flow may significantly impacts the performance of the split reactor, which may have essential influence on its performance particularly for microorganisms culturing applications. These outcomes are dependable as benchmark information to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and other models

A Detailed Hydrodynamic Study of the Split-Plate Airlift Reactor by using Non-Invasive Gamma-Ray Techniques

This study focused on detailed investigations of selected local hydrodynamics in split airlift reactor by using an unconventional measurements facility: computed tomography (CT) and radioactive particle tracking (RPT). The local distribution in a cross-sectional manner with its radial\u27s profiles for gas holdup, liquid velocity flow field, shear stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy were studied under various gas velocity 1, 2 and 3 cm/s with various six axial level z = 12, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 112 cm. The distribution in gas-liquid phases in the whole split reactor column, the riser and downcomer sides, including their behavior at the top and bottom sections of the split plate was also described. The outcomes of this study displayed an exemplary gas-liquid phases dispersion approximately in all reactor\u27s zones and had large magnitude over the ring of the sparger as well as upper the split plate. Furthermore, the outcomes pointed out that the distribution of this flow may significantly impacts the performance of the split reactor, which may have essential influence on its performance particularly for microorganisms culturing applications. These outcomes are dependable as benchmark information to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and other models

Enhancing Heat Transfer Performance In Simulated Fischer–Tropsch Fluidized Bed Reactor Through Tubes Ends Modifications

Fluidized bed reactors are essential in a wide range of industrial applications, encompassing processes such as Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and catalytic cracking. The optimization of performance and reduction in energy consumption in these reactors necessitate the use of efficient heat transfer mechanisms. The present work examines the considerable impact of tube end geometries, superficial gas velocity, and radial position on heat transfer coefficients within fluidized bed reactors. It was found that the tapered tube end configurations have been empirically proven to improve energy efficiency in fluidized bed reactors significantly. For example, at a superficial gas velocity of 0.4 m/s, the tapered end form\u27s local heat transfer coefficient (LHTC) demonstrated a significant 20% enhancement compared to the flat end shape. The results and findings of this work make a valuable contribution to the advancement of complex models, enhance the efficiency of fluidized bed reactor processes, and encourage further investigation into novel tube geometries

A Comprehensive Review Of The Influence Of Heat Exchange Tubes On Hydrodynamic, Heat, And Mass Transfer In Bubble And Slurry Bubble Columns

Bubble and slurry bubble column reactors (BCRs/SBCRs) are used for various chemical, biochemical, and petrochemical applications. They have several operational and maintenance advantages, including excellent heat and mass transfer rates, simplicity, and low operating and maintenance cost. Typically, a catalyst is present in addition to biochemical processes where microorganisms are used to produce industrially valuable bio-products. Since most applications involve complicated gas-liquid, gas-liquid-solid, and exothermic processes, the BCR/SBCR must be equipped with heat-exchanging tubes to dissipate heat and control the reactor\u27s overall performance. In this review, past and very recent experimental and numerical investigations on such systems are critically discussed. Furthermore, gaps to be filled and critical aspects still requiring investigation are identified