Learned helplessness attributional style as a predictor of and a precursor to post-traumatic stress disorder: Individual and family considerations

A sample of undergraduate and graduate students (N = 290) was examined with respect to their learned helplessness attributional style and traumatic events which have occurred in their lives. Special attention bas given to the negative attributional characteristics (internal, stable and global attributions). Each participant was evaluated in terms of positive and negative attributional style scores; above-average and below-average post-traumatic stress disorder scores; other secondary stressor events and demographics. The hypotheses were able to account for 86 percent of the sample yet the statistical analyses indicate: (1) negative attributional style scores are not convincing predictors of above-average post-traumatic stress disorder scores; (2) positive attributional style scores are not convincing predictors of below average post-traumatic stress disorder scores and (3) the Brief Symptom Inventory score is a satisfactory predictor of an above-average post-traumatic stress disorder score. Qualitative arguments are made for negative attributional style as a potential precursor to the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder

High Royds: an integrated, analytical approach for mapping the unmarked burials of a pauper cemetery

Applying geophysical techniques to detect and map the physical extent of individual unmarked graves proves difficult in many cases. The success of individual geophysical techniques for detecting unmarked graves may be due to a poor understanding of the nature of the graves themselves, the context in which they lie in, and temporal changes to the burial state. Given the unpredictability of these variables, it is surprising that grave prospection is often undertaken using only a single method. This paper presents a multi-methodological survey strategy for detecting unmarked burials and utilises an analytical approach for visualising and evaluating survey results

Antifouling poly(B-peptoid)s

A new type of polymer highly resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption is reported. Poly(N-methyl-β-alanine) (PMeA) and poly(N-ethyl-β-alanine) (PEtA) synthesized via cobalt-catalyzed carbonylative polymerization of N-methylaziridine and N-ethylaziridine were end-functionalized with thiol groups and grafted onto Au surfaces. Protein adsorption was studied by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method. The amounts of representative single proteins adsorbed onto the PMeA- and PEtA-grafted surfaces were below the detection limit of SPR at the pg/mm(2) level. After exposure to full blood plasma and serum for 10 min, protein adsorption was at the level of ∼ 100 pg/mm(2), similar to the level of protein adsorption on poly(ethylene glycol) surfaces subjected to identical conditions. These poly(β-peptoid)s therefore provide excellent protein resistance comparable to the best antifouling materials known to date. The strong proton-accepting ability when forming hydrogen bonds is suggested to be an important attribute for these poly(β-peptoid)s as well as other poly(tertiary amide)s as antifouling materials