Impact of Exchange Rate Explosive Nature on Trade: Focusing Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of exchange rate instability on the Pakistan Trading activities. This study measure the instability of exchange rate and its effects on trade with the help of regression model. The time series data from the year 1980-2013 has been analyzed. The results shows that exchange rate instability has positive direct relation with the trade. It also shows that rely only on one vehicle currency (USD) has adverse impact on trade as well as on investors decision making power. Traders can protect the economy from the adverse affects of exchange rate instability by trading with the developing countries with low income and by using the policy to not rely only on one currency but to use different currencies while trading with other countries. So for that Pakistan has to show more interest in trading with developing countries to protect country from future exchange rate effects

THE EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOCKS RETURNS, TRADING VOLUME AND VOLATILITY: EVIDENCE FROM STOCK

The purpose of this paper is to inspect the pragmatic association among daily traded volume of stocks, volatility as well as daily stock returns by taking one market index that is FTSE 100 and five individual stocks trading on FTSE 100. FTSE 100 index is under study because it represents about 81% of the market capitalization of the whole London Stock Exchange. The five stocks which are under examination are traded on FTSE 100 belongs to different sectors. The stocks are selected randomly by keeping in mind the fact that one from each sector. The stocks are Royal bank of Scotland (RBS), Vodafone (VOD), Sainsbury (SBRY), British Petroleum (BP) and British American Tobacco (BATS) and their sectors are Banks, Mobile telecommunication, Food and Drug Retailers, Oil and Gas Producers and Tobacco respectively. The data was taken for the period ranging from 7, July 2010 to 7, July 2014. Only one measure of trading volume is used that obtained by taking log of the daily turnover. This study does not use the de-trended trading as done in previous studies. Stationarity tests, OLS estimation, ARCH, GARCH and VAR model was employed in order to investigate undermine relationship. By considering individual stocks both positive and negative contemporary link found between the traded volume of stocks as well as their returns. But indication of negative contemporary link between daily traded volume and returns in case of market index. Evidence have been found that past return causes volume but no evidence that past volume causes returns so this suggests, no feedback association among returns and traded volume by considering market as well as stocks. ARCH effect cannot be reduced by introducing traded volume as an advisory variable in GARCH model so this suggest that traders trading in FTSE 100 cannot find traded volume as an informative variable. This study has also evaluates the linkage among volatility and traded volume separately and also the association among volatility, stock returns and traded volume. Keywords—Stock returns, Trading Volume, Stock Volatility, FTSE

Impact of Overconfidence, Illusion of control, Self Control and Optimism Bias on Investors Decision Making; Evidence from

The study is conducted to explore the impact of behavioral biases on Investment Decision by incorporating the behavioral model. For this purpose four behavioral biases have been selected i.e. optimism, overconfidence, illusion of control and self-control. Data for behavioral biases and investment decision was collected from investors in Karachi Stock exchange through questionnaires. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed but only 50 questionnaires were received back. For the analysis of data regression was used to check the impact of the behavioral biases under study on investment decision. All four biases (Overconfidence, self-control, illusion of control and Optimism) are found to have significant and positive impact on investment decision. The results of study reveal that in Pakistan investors are biased while making investment decision. This study has certain limitations such as the sample used in the study is too small for generalization of results. The biases used in this study are only four which can be extended to other investors biases for further study. Keywords: Overconfidence, self-control, illusion of control, Optimism, Investment decision, Karachi            Stock exchange

Illuminating the dark side-vitamin D status in different localities of Karachi

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the association between place of residence (grouped into neighbourhoods), and 25-hydroxy D (25[OH]D) levels of individuals of Karachi. Addresses of 4788 individuals tested for 25[OH]D at the clinical laboratory of the Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, from January 2007 to June 2008 were reviewed. The neighbourhoods were categorized into ten, based on locality attributes. A high overall prevalence (74%) of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) was observed. There was a significant difference (p-value \u3c 0.01) between mean log 25[OH]D levels amongst neighbourhoods grouped according to distinct housing structure attributes and localities. A high frequency of VDD in all the studied localities of an urban city warrant dietary vitamin D supplementation and food fortification

Influence of Salary Package and Promotion Opportunities on Job Satisfaction; A Study on the Employees of Retail Sector in Pakistan

This research was conducted during 2017-2018 in a private retail organization. Two independent variables were considered including pay and promotion and their impact was checked on the dependent variable “job satisfaction”. Data was collected from 30 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Judgemental sampling technique was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Results indicate that there is a significant impact of pay and promotion on job satisfaction. It was also found that there are some other factors that can have their positive impact of job satisfaction including free medical facility, education facility employees’ children and insurance policies provided by the organizations

Impact of Money Supply and Exchange Rate on Agricultural Prices in Pakistan

This study analyzed the impact of the long-run neutrality of money supply and exchange rate on Pakistan's agricultural prices using data from 1975 to 2019. Engle and Granger and Johansen and Jusileius techniques were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the exchange rate's neutrality does not hold in the long-run. Simultaneously, the money supply coefficient was found to be insignificant in the long-run, emphasizing money's neutrality. The study concluded that monetary authorities can control the exchange rate by designing and implementing appropriate policies to overcome the overshoot problem of agricultural prices in Pakistan

What method of contact works best for recruiting participants in a study: lessons for health care researchers?

Objectives: To assess the various recruitment strategies used by medical researchers and their response rates. Methods: The observational study, part of a larger retrospective cohort, was done at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from May 2008-December 2010, covering a period from 1999 to 2005. We used a multi-mode contact approach for including participants in the study. This comprised an invitational letter that described the study sent along with a mail-back, postage-paid envelope and multiple phone calls for recruitment of participants. The response to each mode was noted and described as frequency and percentage. Results: There were 1335 participants eligible for recruitment in the study. Of them, 1247 (93.4%) were sent mailouts to which only 84 (6.7%) responded. Besides, 1133 participants,whose phone numbers were available, were called. Overall, the number of people that we were able to contact was low. The response to postage paid mail was very poor whereas the majority of participants were contacted via phone calls. Out of such participants, 257 (19.25%) agreed to participate at the very first call and our results suggest that more than three calls made very little contribution to the consent rate. CONCLUSION: Recruiting subjects from contact information available in the medical records may not be the best method. Multiple and innovative approaches are required for approaching potential participants and requesting them to participate in a study

Morphometric Analysis of Shaliganga Sub Catchment, Kashmir Valley, India Using Geographical Information System

Abstract: The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using watershed as a basic unit in morphometric analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. Shaliganga Sub catchment comprises of two watersheds with a total area of 354 km² and has been selected for the present study. Various linear parameters (Stream order, Stream number, Stream length, stream length ratio, Bifurcation ratio, Drainage density, Texture ratio, Stream frequency) and shape factors (Compactness coefficient, Circularity ratio, Elongation ratio, Form factor) of the Sub catchment were computed at watershed level. This was achieved using GIS to provide digital data that can be used for different calculation

Salvage of infected non-union of the tibia with an Ilizarov ring fixator.

Abstract PURPOSE: To review outcomes of 24 patients who underwent Ilizarov ring fixation for infected nonunion of the tibia. METHODS: Medical records of 21 men and 3 women aged 13 to 74 (mean, 38) years who underwent Ilizarov ring fixation for infectednon-union of the tibia were reviewed. The mean bone defect was 3.3 (range, 2-5) cm. The mean time from injury to presentation was 11.9 (range, 1-36) months. The mean number of previous surgeries was 2 (range, 0-14). A local flap was used in 2 patients and a free flap was used in one patient. Nine of the patients underwent Ilizarov ring fixation without soft tissue and bony resection, as inadequate stability was the reason for non-union. Patients were assessed using the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov criteria. RESULTS: Patients were followed up for a mean of 11 (range, 8-46) months. Functional outcome was excellent in 8 patients, good in 12, fair in 2, and failure in one, whereas bone union outcome was excellent in 6 patients, good in 14, fair in one, and poor in 2. The mean time to union was 8 (range, 3-31) months. The mean external fixation index was 4.2 (range, 1.5-15.7) cm/month. Complications encountered were pin tract infection (n=5), re-fracture (n=2), soft tissue impingement by Ilizarov rings (n=2), recurrence of wound infection (n=1), mal-union (n=1), and mortality (n=1). CONCLUSION: Ilizarov ring fixation is a viable option for infected non-union of the tibia. Adequate assessment of bone union is crucial before removal of fixator to prevent re-fracture