Superallowed Fermi beta decay and Coulomb mixing in nuclei

Superallowed $0^+ \to 0^+$ nuclear beta decay provides a direct measure of the weak vector coupling constant, \GV. We survey current world data on the nine accurately determined transitions of this type, which range from the decay of $^{10}$C to that of $^{54}$Co, and demonstrate that the results confirm conservation of the weak vector current (CVC) but differ at the 98% confidence level from the unitarity condition for the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. We examine the reliability of the small calculated corrections that have been applied to the data, and conclude that there are no evident defects although the Coulomb correction, $\delta_C$, depends sensitively on nuclear structure and thus needs to be constrained independently. The potential importance of a result in disagreement with unitarity, clearly indicates the need for further work to confirm or deny the discrepancy. We examine the options and recommend priorities for new experiments and improved calculations. Some of the required experiments depend upon the availability of intense radioactive beams. Others are possible with existing facilities.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX with aipproc2.sty (included) and epsf.sty; Invited talk at Nuclear Structure 98, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Aug. 199

CURRENTS AND THEIR COUPLINGS IN THE WEAK SECTOR OF THE STANDARD MODEL

Beta-decay and muon-capture experiments in nuclei are reviewed. The conserved vector current hypothesis is confirmed through the observed constancy of the vector coupling constant determined from the superallowed Fermi transitions and from the measurement of the weak-magnetism term in mirror Gamow-Teller transitions. The axial-vector and pseudoscalar coupling constants in the nucleon are determined from neutron decay and muon capture on the proton respectively. In finite nuclei, evidence for these coupling constants being reduced relative to their free-nucleon values is discussed. Meson-exchange currents are shown to be an important correction to the time-like part of the axial current as evident in first-forbidden beta decays. Tests of the Standard Model are discussed, as well as extensions beyond it involving right-hand currents and scalar interactions.Comment: 67 pages, plain LaTex, uses worldsci.sty, two figures embedded in manuscript as tex statements. A chapter for a book entitled 'The Nucleus as a Laboratory for Studying Symmetries and Fundamental Interactions', eds. E.M. Henley and W.C. Haxto

New limit on fundamental weak-interaction parameters from superallowed beta decay

A new critical survey of all world data on superallowed beta decays provides demanding tests of, and tight constraints on, the weak interaction. In confirmation of the conserved vector current (CVC) hypothesis, the vector coupling coupling constant is demonstrated to be constant to better than 3 parts in 10^4, and any induced scalar current is limited to fs \leq 0.0013 in electron rest-mass units. The possible existence of a fundamental scalar current is similarly limited to |Cs/Cv| \leq 0.0013. The superallowed data also determine the CKM matrix element to be Vud = 0.9738(4). With PDG values for Vus and Vub, the top-row test of CKM unitarity yields Vud^2 + Vus^2 + Vub^2 = 0.9966(14); although, if a recent result on Ke3 decay is used exclusively to obtain Vus, this sum becomes 0.9999(16). Limits on possible right-hand currents are given.Comment: 4 pages, one postscript fil

Superallowed 0+ --> 0+ nuclear beta decays: 2014 critical survey, with precise results for Vud and CKM unitarity

A new critical survey is presented of all half-life, decay-energy and branching-ratio measurements related to 20 superallowed 0+ --> 0+ beta decays. Included are 222 individual measurements of comparable precision obtained from 177 published references. Compared with our last review in 2008, we have added results from 24 new publications and eliminated 9 references, the results from which having been superseded by much more precise modern data. We obtain world-average ft-values for each of the eighteen transitions that have a complete set of data, then apply radiative and isospin-symmetry-breaking corrections to extract corrected Ft values. Fourteen of these Ft values now have a precision of order 0.1% or better. In the process of obtaining these results we carefully evaluate the available calculations of the isospin-symmetry-breaking corrections by testing the extent to which they lead to Ft values consistent with conservation of the vector current (CVC). Only one set of calculations satisfactorily meets this condition. The resultant average Ft value, when combined with the muon liftime, yields the up-down quark-mixing element of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix, Vud = 0.97417 +/- 0.00021. The unitarity test on the top row of the matrix becomes |Vud|^2 + |Vus|^2 + |Vub|^2 = 0.99978 +/- 0.00055 if the Particle Data Group recommended value for Vus is used. However, recent lattice QCD calculations, not included yet in the PDG evaluation, have introduced some inconsistency into kaon-decay measurements of Vus and Vus/Vud. We examine the impact of these new results on the unitarity test and conclude that there is no evidence of any statistically significant violation of unitarity. Finally, from the Ft-value data we also set limits on the possible existence of scalar interactions.Comment: 29 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:0812.120