The Gender Wage Gap by Occupation

Compares 2011 median weekly earnings by gender, occupation, and race/ethnicity; the wage gender gaps within races/ethnicities; and the prevalence of occupational segregation in which women tend to work in certain occupations and men in others

Detroit to Flint and Back Again: Solidarity Forever

For several years the authors have been working in Detroit with grassroots coalitions resisting Emergency Management. In this essay, we focus on how community groups in Detroit and Flint advanced common struggles for clean, safe, affordable water as a human right, particularly during the period of 2014 to 2016. We explore how, through a series of direct interventions – including public meetings and international gatherings, independent journalism and social media, community-based research projects, and citizen-led policy initiatives – these groups contributed to challenging neoliberal governance, to undermining the legitimacy of state officials and their policies, and to shifting public consciousness around the human right to water

Stream nutrient response to contemporary timber harvest practices in western Oregon

2017 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Timber harvesting has historically been shown to increase nutrient concentrations in stream waters by decreasing vegetative cover and nutrient uptake, allowing more nutrients to be leached into stream waters. Contemporary timber harvest practices, in which a streamside buffer is left in place, have not been studied. This study quantified the effects of contemporary timber harvesting practices, with a streamside buffer, in a Douglas-fir dominated watershed in the Oregon Coast Range, using a paired-watershed design. In the treatment (Needle Branch) and the control (Flynn Creek) watersheds, water quality samples collected from October 2006 through March 2016 were analyzed for nutrients. A clearcut harvest took place in the upper basin in 2009 (Phase 1), and in the lower basin in 2014 (Phase 2), and water samples were tested for nitrate (NO3-N), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (NH3), orthophosphate (OP), and total phosphorus (TP). Intra-watershed comparisons of nutrient concentrations were made using a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test to determine statistical significance between sites and treatments. A Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) design was used to compare the treatment watershed to the control watershed across treatments. Results at Needle Branch showed statistically significant increases (α < 0.05) in NO3-N between pre-treatment (0.59 mg/L) and Phase 1 (0.97 mg/L), and between pre-treatment and Phase 2 (0.90 mg/L) at the outlet. TN also showed statistically significant increases between pre-treatment (0.87 mg/L), and Phase 1 (1.06 mg/L), and between pre-treatment and Phase 2 (0.92 mg/L). NH3 was also shown to be statistically significant between pre-treatment (0.011 mg/L) and Phase 1 (0.013 mg/L). OP showed statistically significant increases between pre-treatment (0.018 mg/L) and Phase 1 (0.024 mg/L), and between pre-treatment and Phase 2 (0.022 mg/L), as did TP (0.018, 0.026, 0.020 mg/L during pre-treatment, Phase 1, and Phase 2, respectively). Results in Flynn Creek showed statistically significant increases in NH3 between pre-treatment (0.010 mg/L) and Phase 1 (0.013 mg/L). OP also showed statistically significant increases between pre-treatment (0.029 mg/L) and Phase 1 (0.034), and between pre-treatment and Phase 2 (0.032). TP also showed significantly significant increases between pre-treatment (0.028 mg/L) and Phase 1 (0.036 mg/L). Because similar results were observed in both the treatment and control watersheds, changes in these three constituents within the treatment watershed cannot be attributed to timber harvest. Neither NO3-N nor TN showed any change between phases within Flynn Creek, therefore, changes in these constituents within Needle Branch can be attributed to timber harvest. Contemporary timber harvest practices appear to have similar results as past harvesting practices, regarding nutrient concentrations in stream waters. With a streamside buffer, NO3-N and TN concentrations were significantly increased following harvest. Contemporary timber harvest practices, however, did not affect NH3, OP, and TP concentrations

Comparative Study of Anesthesia’s effect on Baroreceptor Reflex and Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Adult Rats

Anesthesia affects the central nervous system and can suppress cardiovascular activity. In this study, we compared two anesthetics, urethane and alpha-chloralose, to better understand their effect on sympathetic control of blood pressure, as well as how they would affect baroreceptor response and blood pressure in adult rats. To do this we performed baroreceptor tests in adult rats under isoflurane anesthesia and then either urethane (I.V. 1.25 g/kg, n=2) or alpha-chloralose (100 mg/kg, n=2). We found that baroreceptor responses were not significantly different between urethane or alpha-chloralose anesthesia. However, significant depression of baseline blood pressure occurred under alpha-chloralose anesthesia compared with urethane. Additionally, we observed significant elevation of baseline renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) occurred under urethane anesthesia. Ultimately, our findings suggest that both urethane and alpha-chloralose provided sufficient induction of anesthesia without significantly modifying baroreceptor response. However, since urethane significantly raised baseline sympathetic nerve activity, it should be avoided in studies where raised sympathetic activity could confound with the test results. alpha-chloralose significantly lowered baseline blood pressure by nearly 30%, and its use should be avoided in studies where lowered blood pressure may confound the results

Ford Motor Co. v. Hill, 404 So. 2d 1049 (Fla. 1981)

Torts-PRODUCTS LIABILITY-DOCTRINE OF STRICT LIABILITY APPLICABLE IN SECOND COLLISION CASES RESULTING FROM DESIGN DEFECT

Gender Differences in Rough and Tumble Play Behaviors

I conducted 10 one-hour observations in a Kindergarten classroom to determine if there were gender differences in the types of Rough and Tumble play (RTP) that children engaged in. Previous research reported that (a) boys were more likely than girls to engage in RTP, (b) boys were more likely than girls to engage in solitary forms of RTP, (c) girls were more likely than boys to engage in collaborative forms of RTP, and (d) boys were more likely than girls to engage in aggressive forms of RTP. My findings were similar to those of previous research. I found that boys participated in RTP more than girls and the forms of RTP engaged in by boys were more aggressive. I also found that boys engaged in more solitary RTP than girls, although both boys and girls engaged in more solitary than collaborative RTP. Unlike previous research findings, boys and girls in my study engaged in similar rates of collaborative RTP. I also found that the presence of one particular girl influenced the occurrence of collaborative mixed-gender RTP, which I refer to as the Amber Effect. The influence of one player on the likelihood of RTP occurring has not been reported in previous research. Pseudonyms are used throughout this article to maintain the confidentiality of the site and participants in this study.Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Julia Wilkin

ROTC Colonel William H. Spencer Visit

A document detailing a visit to the program by Colonel William H. Spencer, Commander of ROTC Area I.https://scholars.fhsu.edu/military_science_rotc_docs/1001/thumbnail.jp

The Multidimensional Bullying Victimization Scale: Development and Validation

One in three middle and high school students are victims of bullying (National Educational Association, 2012). The prevalence of bullying has increased over the past 10 years by approximately 25% (Nation Center of Education Statistics, 2013) and is now considered a public health concern. Published measures of bullying lack breadth and/or psychometric support. The present study created a psychometrically sound measure assessing bully victimization in adolescents. This measure examines three dimensions of bullying: direct, indirect, and evaluative. Items were generated based on information collected from student focus groups, as well as previously published measures and themes within recently published literature. Items were reviewed for inclusion and clarity. The measure was administered to children/adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 within the public and private school system. This study resulted in a psychometrically sound, valid measure of bully victimization for use with adolescents. This measure includes three subscales (indirect, direct, and evaluative) and one composite score. These dimensions are positively correlated with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems