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    Preparation of new polymer nanocomposites with potential use in restorative applications for the consolidation historical wooden work

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    Menci贸n Internacional en el t铆tulo de doctorThe present PhD research is focused on the preparation, characterization and performance of polymer nanocomposite materials to be used as consolidation and preservation historical wooden artifacts. The main aim of this PhD thesis, is to optimize the use of commercial poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (PVBVA) and some nanocomposites based on it in order to improve properties for subsequent consolidation of wood. Firstly, two common methods of treatment, brushing and immersion, are considered to investigate their particular effect on the final performance of the polymer chosen for the fir wood (Abies alba) consolidation. Then, airbrushing (AB), sometimes referred as solution blow spinning (SBS), is used as a novel economic and easy method to apply the polymer-based consolidant on the wood. The first objective of the present work is to prepare the modified fir wood by different treatments using different material systems to subsequently carry out a deep characterization in terms of surface and mechanical properties. Two variables are considered to treat the wood: i) concentration (5% and 10%, wt.%) of PVBVA solutions used to modified the wood and ii) method used to apply (brushing and immersion) de polymer solution. Mechanical properties of treated and untreated wood specimens are extracted from results obtained with three-point bending tests and locally, by Shore D and Martens Hardness (MH). Surface characterization is carried out through different instrumental techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensiometry by water contact angle measurements (WCA), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy by attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) and optical profilometry. Ssurface roughness determined from the analysis of surface profiles obtained by optical profilometry do not reveal changes in the topography of the samples and transparent and smooth surfaces are confirmed. Water contact angle (WCA) measurements point out higher hydrophobicity of the wood surfaces when they are treated with PVBVA. MH tests indicate that treatment with PVBVA solutions increased locally wood hardness, being enhanced when more concentrated solutions are used. In the second part of the thesis project. Airbrushing (AB) method is considered and investigated as new method of wood treatment to deposit polymer-based materials looking for a higher ability to preserve historical wood specimens. In particular, a system based on PVBVA filled with TiO2 nanoparticles (0%, 0.6%, 1% and 2% wt.%) is deposited of wood using a commercial airbrush. SEM images demonstrate that the use of AB allows coating the wood specimens with smooth and homogeneous thin films of PVBVA/TiO2 having excellent distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. Topographical images obtained by optical profilometry show a slight increase in the surface roughness with the content of TiO2 nanoparticles. On the other hand, a UV-Vis absorption study revels those materials have strong tendency to absorb UV radiation that points out these materials as good candidates for UV protection which, in addition, is enhanced by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles. Besides, the band gap of these materials becomes narrow when coatings of nancomposites filled with 2% of TiO2 are used, which may have consequences in terms of photocatalytic activity apart from the expected increase of UV absorption capacity. The micro-indentation tests do not show significant changes in terms of hardness as a function of surface treatment. Besides, surfaces treated with the polymer solution containing 2% TiO2 nanoparticles present the highest WCA value that can be attributed to more heterogeneous topography attending the expected extra polarity given by the TiO2 nanoparticles. Thermal behaviour of polymer-based materials under study does not seem to depend on the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. Finally, new polymer composite materials based on PVBVA filled with nanocrystalline cellulose particles (NCC) is investigated as potential wood consolidant agents. Using the AB method, the wood samples are treated with polymer systems having different NCC contents (0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% wt.%). Behaviour of the materials is studied in terms of their ability to absorb water, mechanical properties from the use of three-point bending tests, thermal degradation using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal relaxation using DSC were performed. It is observed that water absorption is reduced as the concentration of NCC in the polymer matrix is increased. The results obtained in TGA analysis shows that the thermal stability of PVBVA increases as the NCC filler content increases probably due to existence of specific interactions between the particles and the polymer chains. The same reason could be used to explain why the thermal relaxation phenomena of the PVBVA appear at higher temperatures the higher the relative amount of NCC particles.La presente tesis doctoral se centra en la preparaci贸n, caracterizaci贸n y comportamiento de materiales nanocompuestos polim茅ricos dirigidos a ser utilizados para consolidar y preservar art铆culos hist贸ricos de madera. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es optimizar el uso poli (vinil butiral-co-alcohol vin铆lico-co-acetato de vinilo) (PVBVA) y algunos nanocomposites basados en este pol铆mero con el fin de mejorar propiedades para uso como consolidante de madera. En primer lugar, se consideraron dos m茅todos habituales de tratamiento de maderas, utilizaci贸n de brocha e inmersi贸n, para investigar su particular efecto sobre el comportamiento final del pol铆mero en relaci贸n a la consolidaci贸n de madera de abeto (Abies alba). Posteriormente se investig贸 el uso de un aer贸grafo a veces denominado hilado por soplado (SBS), como un m茅todo novedoso, econ贸mico y sencillo para aplicar el consolidantes de base de polim茅rica sobre madera. El primer objetivo del presente trabajo fue preparar la madera de abeto y modificarla mediante diferentes tratamientos utilizando diferentes sistemas materiales para posteriormente realizar una caracterizaci贸n profunda en cuanto a propiedades superficiales y mec谩nicas. Se consideraron dos variables para el tratamiento de la madera: i) la concentraci贸n (5% y 10%,% en peso) de las soluciones de PVBVA utilizadas para modificar la madera y ii) el m茅todo de aplicaci贸n (con brocha e inmersi贸n) de la disoluci贸n de pol铆mero. Las propiedades mec谩nicas de las muestras de madera tratadas y las no tratadas se estudiaron a partir de los resultados obtenidos mediante la realizaci贸n de ensayos de flexi贸n en tres puntos y, localmente, mediante la medida de dureza Shore D y Dureza Martens (MH). La caracterizaci贸n de superficies se realiz贸 mediante diferentes t茅cnicas instrumentales, microscop铆a electr贸nica de barrido (SEM), tensiometr铆a por medidas del 谩ngulo de contacto con el agua (WCA), espectroscop铆a infrarroja por transformada de Fourier mediante reflectancia totalmente atenuada (ATR-FTIR) y perfilometr铆a 贸ptica. La rugosidad superficial que se determin贸 a partir del an谩lisis de perfiles superficiales obtenidos mediante el uso de un perfil贸metro 贸ptico no mostr贸 cambios significativos en la topograf铆a, mostr谩ndose en todos los casos transparentes y lisas. Las mediciones del 谩ngulo de contacto con el agua (WCA) se帽alan una mayor hidrofobicidad de las superficies de madera cuando se tratan con PVBVA. Las pruebas de MH indicaron que el tratamiento con disoluciones de PVBVA aument贸 localmente la dureza de la madera, mejorando cuando se utilizan disoluciones m谩s concentradas. En la segunda parte del proyecto de tesis se investig贸 el uso de la aerograf铆a (AB) como un nuevo m茅todo de tratamiento de maderas para depositar materiales de base polim茅rica en busca de una mayor eficacia a la hora de conservar objetos de madera hist贸ricos. En particular, se estudi贸 el tratamiento con un sistema basado en PVBVA relleno con nanopart铆culas de TiO2 (0%, 0,6%, 1% y 2% en peso). Im谩genes obtenidas con un microscopio electr贸nico de barrido, SEM, demostraron que el uso de un aer贸grafo permite recubrir maderas con pel铆culas delgadas, lisas y homog茅neas de PVBVA/TiO2 con una excelente dispersi贸n de las nanopart铆culas de TiO2 en la matriz de PVBVA. Las im谩genes topogr谩ficas obtenidas por perfilometr铆a 贸ptica mostraron un ligero aumento de la rugosidad superficial con el contenido de nanopart铆culas de TiO2. Por otro lado, un estudio de absorci贸n de UV-Vis revel贸 que esos materiales tienen una fuerte tendencia a absorber radiaci贸n UV indicando que estos materiales son buenos candidatos para la protecci贸n contra la radiaci贸n UV, potenciada adem谩s con concentraci贸n de nanopart铆culas. Adem谩s, la banda prohibida de estos materiales se estrech贸 cuando se utilizaron recubrimientos de nancomposites rellenos con un 2% de TiO2, lo que puede tener consecuencias en t茅rminos de actividad fotocatal铆tica adem谩s del esperado aumento de la capacidad de absorci贸n de UV. Los ensayos de micro-indentaci贸n no mostraron cambios significativos en t茅rminos de dureza en funci贸n del tratamiento superficial. Adem谩s, las superficies tratadas con la disoluci贸n de pol铆mero con un 2% de nanopart铆culas de TiO2 presentaron el valor de WCA m谩s alto que se atribuy贸 a una topograf铆a m谩s heterog茅nea despu茅s de considerar la polaridad extra esperada al a帽adir nanopart铆culas de TiO2. El comportamiento t茅rmico de los materiales preparados no parece depender de la concentraci贸n de nanopart铆culas de TiO2. Por 煤ltimo, se investigaron nuevos materiales compuestos polim茅ricos basados en PVBVA rellenos de part铆culas de celulosa nanocristalina (NCC) como posibles agentes consolidantes de madera. Utilizando el m茅todo AB, las muestras de madera se trataron con sistemas polim茅ricos con diferentes contenidos de NCC (0%, 0,5%, 1% y 2% en peso). Se estudi贸 el comportamiento de los materiales en cuanto a su capacidad para absorber agua, propiedades mec谩nicas, degradaci贸n y relajaci贸n t茅rmicas. Se observ贸 que la absorci贸n de agua disminuye a medida que aumenta la concentraci贸n de NCC en la matriz polim茅rica. Los an谩lisis termogravim茅tricos mostraron que la estabilidad t茅rmica del PVBVA aumentaba a medida que aumentaba el contenido de relleno de NCC probablemente debido a la existencia de interacciones espec铆ficas entre las part铆culas y las cadenas de pol铆mero. Finalmente se utiliz贸 el mismo argumento para explicar por qu茅 los fen贸menos de relajaci贸n t茅rmica del PVBVA aparecen a temperaturas m谩s altas cuanto mayor es la cantidad relativa de part铆culas de NCC.I would like to acknowledge funding from Fondos de Investigaci贸n de Fco. Javier Gonz谩lez Benito, pol铆tica de reinversi贸n de costes generales, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Ref.: 2012/00130/004), Ministerio de Asuntos econ贸micos y Transformaci贸n Digital (Ref. UC3M: 2013/00540/001) and Acci贸n Estrat茅gica en Materiales Compuestos Polim茅ricos e Interfases, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Ref.: 2011/00287/002).Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia e Ingenier铆a de Materiales por la Universidad Carlos III de MadridPresidente: Gustavo Gonz谩lez Gaitano.- Secretario: Ana Kramar.- Vocal: Dusan K. Bozani

    Consolidation of fir wood by poly(vinyl butyral-covinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) treatment: Study of surface and mechanical characteristics

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    The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from 2012/00130/004 (Fondos de Investigaci贸n de Fco.Javier Gonz谩lez Benito, pol铆tica de reinversi贸n de costes generales, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) and2011/00287/002 (Acci贸n Estrat茅gica en Materiales Compuestos Polim茅ricos e Interfases, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid)

    CNCs and CeO2 as organic-inorganic additives to enhance HPC bio-polymer wood coatings against photochemical degradation

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    Wooden objects of cultural heritage are susceptible to photochemical deterioration when exposed to UV radiation in outdoor environments, which results in the loss of their beauty and historical value. There is increasing interest in the field of wood conservation in studying biopolymers and bio-nanocomposite materials that have better characteristics and more compatibility with the wood components, thus, are more likely to give positive long-term conservation outcomes. This article focuses on the preparation of organic-inorganic bio-nanocomposite thin film coatings from hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), nanocrystalline cellulose (CNCs), and cerium nanoparticles (CeO2) applied using solution blow spraying (SBSp) to protect wood surfaces outdoors. The uniform coating of nanocomposites and the thin film formation of this novel bio-nanocomposite on the wood surface were characterized by SEM imaging. The FTIR spectra of the films show that not only do CNCs improve the stability of HPC against UV radiation, but adding CeO2 nanoparticles further optimized the UV resistance of the bio-nanocomposites. ATR analysis of treated wood surfaces shows a decrease in the formation of hydroxyl groups due to photo-oxidation for both HPC/CNC treatments and the organic-inorganic bio-nanocomposite HPC/CNCs/CeO2 NPs. These results were also verified by colorimetric analysis. The UV-Vis spectra of the bio-nanocomposites showed that they absorb primarily in the UV-A and UV-B regions. Furthermore, the band gap was narrowed by adding CeO2 NPs to the HPC matrix, leading to enhanced UV resistance thin films
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