13 research outputs found
Fluid Mode Spectroscopy for measuring dynamic viscosity of fluids in open cylindrical containers
On a daily basis we stir tee or coffee with a spoon and leave it to rest. We
know empirically the larger the stickiness, viscosity, of the fluid, more
rapidly its velocity slows down. It is surprising, therefore, that the
variation has not been utilized for measuring (dynamic) viscosity of fluids.
This study shows that a spectroscopy decomposing a velocity field into fluid
modes (Stokes eigenmodes) allows us to measure accurately the dynamic
viscosity. The method, Fluid Mode Spectroscopy (FMS), is based on the fact that
each Stokes eigenmode has its inherent decay rate of eigenvalue and that the
dimensionless rate of the slowest decaying mode (SDM) is constant, dependent
only on the normalized shape of a fluid container, obtained analytically for
some shapes including cylindrical containers. The FMS supplements major
conventional measuring methods with each other, particularly useful for
measuring low dynamic viscosity.Comment: 18 pagese, 6 figure
A Global Shutter Wide Dynamic Range Soft X-Ray CMOS Image Sensor With Backside- Illuminated Pinned Photodiode, Two-Stage Lateral Overflow Integration Capacitor, and Voltage Domain Memory Bank
This article presents a prototype 22.4 μm pixel pitch global shutter (GS) wide dynamic range (WDR) soft X-ray CMOS image sensor (sxCMOS). Backside-illuminated (BSI) pinned photodiodes with a 45-μm thick Si substrate were introduced for low noise and high radiation hardness to high energy photons. Two-stage lateral overflow integration capacitor (LOFIC) and voltage domain memory bankwith high-densitySi trench capacitorswere introduced for WDR and for GS. The developed sxCMOS achieved maximum 21.9 Me− full well capacity with a single exposure 129 dB dynamic range by GS operation. Over 70% quantum efficiency (QE) toward soft X-ray was successfully achieved. The developed prototype sxCMOS is a step forwardtoward a 4 M pixel detector system to be utilized in next-generation synchrotron radiation facilities and X-ray free-electron lasers
High PKCλ expression is required for ALDH1-positive cancer stem cell function and indicates a poor clinical outcome in late-stage breast cancer patients.
Despite development of markers for identification of cancer stem cells, the mechanism underlying the survival and division of cancer stem cells in breast cancer remains unclear. Here we report that PKCλ expression was enriched in basal-like breast cancer, among breast cancer subtypes, and was correlated with ALDH1A3 expression (p = 0.016, χ2-test). Late stage breast cancer patients expressing PKCλhigh and ALDH1A3high had poorer disease-specific survival than those expressing PKCλlow and ALDH1A3low (p = 0.018, log rank test for Kaplan-Meier survival curves: hazard ratio 2.58, 95% CI 1.24-5.37, p = 0.011, multivariate Cox regression analysis). Functional inhibition of PKCλ through siRNA-mediated knockdown or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout in ALDH1high MDA-MB 157 and MDA-MB 468 basal-like breast cancer cells led to increases in the numbers of trypan blue-positive and active-caspase 3-positive cells, as well as suppression of tumor-sphere formation and cell migration. Furthermore, the amount of CASP3 and PARP mRNA and the level of cleaved caspase-3 protein were enhanced in PKCλ-deficient ALDH1high cells. An Apoptosis inhibitor (z-VAD-FMK) suppressed the enhancement of cell death as well as the levels of cleaved caspase-3 protein in PKCλ deficient ALDH1high cells. It also altered the asymmetric/symmetric distribution ratio of ALDH1A3 protein. In addition, PKCλ knockdown led to increases in cellular ROS levels in ALDH1high cells. These results suggest that PKCλ is essential for cancer cell survival and migration, tumorigenesis, the asymmetric distribution of ALDH1A3 protein among cancer cells, and the maintenance of low ROS levels in ALDH1-positive breast cancer stem cells. This makes it a key contributor to the poorer prognosis seen in late-stage breast cancer patients