Industriebetriebe der Baukunst – Generalunternehmer des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit den in der Architekturgeschichtsschreibung bislang weitgehend vernachlässigten Protagonisten der kommerziellen Bauproduktion – den Generalbaufirmen. Im großstädtischen Hochbauwesen hatten diese an der Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert eine bedeutende Marktposition inne: Firmen, die in der Lage waren, in kurzer Zeit, auf eigenes Risiko und möglichst kostensparend große Bauvolumen zu bewältigen, indem sie die einzelnen Bauleistungen an Subunternehmen weitervergaben, und die in bislang unbekanntem Maße Großbauprojekte bis hin zu ganzen Stadtteilen unter den Aspekten wirtschaftlicher Kalkulation realisierten. Für die im 19. Jahrhundert gegründeten Generalbaufirmen war das formale Ergebnis Teil des Bau- und Konstruktionsprozesses und weniger Resultat einer bestimmten künstlerischen Haltung. Sie stellten im Konkurrenzkampf des großstädtischen Bauwesens mit den zunehmend privat tätigen Architekten wirtschaftliche Erwägungen im Bauprozess in den Vordergrund, realisierten Großprojekte und setzten technische Maßstäbe, an die die Masse zeitgenössischer Architekturbüros nicht anknüpfen konnte. Mit der Übernahme verschiedenster Bauaufgaben inklusive Planung, Finanzierung, Betrieb der gebauten Objekte, einer offensiven, vielschichtigen Werbestrategie, der Anwerbung fähiger und ehrgeiziger junger Architekten mit z.T. hohen Gehaltsangeboten und dem bewusst großzügigen Umgang mit Urheberrechten geriet die Firma Boswau & Knauer wie kaum eine andere in das Zentrum reformorientierter und standespolitischer Architekturdebatten. Von der Gründung als Stuckaturbetrieb 1892 bis zum Tod des Firmeninhabers 1909 entwickelte sich das Unternehmen zur Großbaufirma; zu den um die 200 recherchierten Projekten von Boswau & Knauer zählen u.a. Grand Hotels, Theater, Kaufhäuser und Banken, verteilt über das Deutsche Reich. In verschiedenen gerichtlichen Auseinandersetzungen unterlag die Firma um die Aneignung des noch ungeschützten Titels des „Architekten“ – in einer Zeit, als die zunehmende Zahl universitär ausgebildeter Architekten nicht mehr in den Baubehörden Fuß fassen konnte und sie sich den Markt mit Technikern verschiedener Ausbildung, kleinen, mittelständischen und großen Firmen zu teilen begannen. Mit der Hinwendung zu diesen bisher von der Fachhistoriographie weitgehend vernachlässigten Aspekten setzt sich die Dissertation von tradierten Fragestellungen ab und richtet das Augenmerk auf neue Formen der Bauorganisation und auf den mit ihnen verbundenen grundlegenden Wandel in den Strukturen des Bauwesens

Learning to manage and share data: jump-starting the research methods curriculum

Researchers? responsibilities towards their research data are changing across all domains of social scientific endeavour. Government, funders and publishers expect greater transparency of, open access to, and re-use of research data, and fears over data loss call for more robust information security practices. Researchers must develop, enhance and professionalise their research data management skills to meet these challenges and to deal with a rapidly changing data sharing environment. This paper sets out how we have contributed to jump-starting the research methods training curriculum in this field by translating high-level needs into practical guidance and training activities. Our pedagogical approach involves applicable, easy-to-digest, modules based on best practice guidance for managing and sharing research data. In line with recent findings on successful practices in methods teaching, we work on the principle of embedding grounded learning activities within existing narratives of research design and implementation

Mouthwashes for the control of supragingival biofilm and gingivitis in orthodontic patients: evidence-based recommendations for clinicians

Properly performed daily mechanical biofilm control is the most important prevention strategy for periodontal diseases. However, proper mechanical biofilm control is not performed effectively by the majority of the population, mainly due to lack of motivation and of manual dexterity. Local biofilm retention factors may aggravate home oral hygiene quality. For this reason, patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances comprise a group that may benefit from the daily use of mouthwashes. The purpose of this review was to perform a systematic search in the literature on antiseptics used to control supragingival biofilm and gingivitis in orthodontic patients. Six studies investigating the effect of chlorhexidine and 5 studies evaluating the effect of the daily use of antiseptics were found. Chlorhexidine showed better results in reducing plaque and gingivitis. However, because of its adverse effects after continuous use, it should not be indicated for long-term periods. Among the agents considered for daily use, the fixed combination of essential oils was the only one evaluated in a clinical trial, in which a comparative group presented a statistically significant clinical impact. There is no direct evidence supporting the indication of antiseptic agents for orthodontic patients other than chlorhexidine and essential oils. It can be concluded that, for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, chlorhexidine should be considered for treating acute gingival inflammation, whereas essential oils should be indicated for long-term daily use in controlling supragingival biofilm

Vom Faux Terrain zum begehbaren Alpenpanorama Vergnügungsarchitektur an der Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert

Im späten 19. Jahrhundert realisierten Bauunternehmen Ausstellungsarchitekturen wie begehbare Berglandschaften als Großprojekte in Rabitzbauweise. Vom Konzept ein Phänomen der Vorkriegszeit, waren sie so kurzlebig wie die Ausstellungen, auf denen sie als Erlebniswelten dienten und so wenig bekannt sind sie heute: Zeitgenössische Texte schildern nicht die gebauten Anlagen, sondern die illusionistischen Landschaften, Abbildungen zeigen retuschierte Ansichten, so dass mit dem Abbruch der Bauten auch weitgehend das Wissen über die Konstruktion verschwand. Im Unterschied zu den heute noch zitierten Ikonen der Weltausstellungen seit 1851 sind die Alpenpanoramen selbst von der Forschung übersehen. Mit der Fokussierung der Architekturhistoriographie des 20. Jahrhunderts auf die Formensprache geriet in Vergessenheit, dass auch diese Bauten nahezu sämtliche Themen der architektonischen Moderne beinhalteten: ökonomisierte Bauprozesse, neue Materialien, leichte Konstruktionen, technisierte Ausstattung

Culture générale et éducation féminine

Haps M. Culture générale et éducation féminine. In: Revue néo-scolastique de philosophie. 29ᵉ année, Deuxième série, n°16, 1927. pp. 479-484

Sri Jayawardenepura : enhancing the landscape of an historic capital

he subject of this dissertation concerns the landscape environment within the capital of Sri Jayawardenepura."Remarkable friend! Know then the royal city Jyawardenepura, where reside preeminent men devoted and full of affection for the Triple Gem and which corners the heavenly city with boundless eternal prosperity and named Jayawardenepura, earned by manifold victories."(A verse from salalihini sandesaya)Sri Jayawardanapura city has a significant place among the eight capitals of Sri Lanka. It had been a capital for about 150 years and also the place where the last king who ruled the entire country had his seat. The natural geological surrounding in the vicinity of the city was utilized to the maximum capacity, to transform it into a fortress city surrounded by water. The city was originally built by prince Alakeswara during the reign of king Wickramabahu iii (1351-1374) who ruled from Gampola. But king Parakramabahu vi is the ruler who contributed greatly to the city of Kotte being capital of Sri Lanka and where he had his seat. Unfortunately there is little visible surviving from of this period's landscape and architecture, owing to the fact that the Portuguese sedge destroyed and abandoned in. But the Kotte PERIOD IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE GOLDEN ERA 'N Sri Lankan history because it had highly developed socio-economic and cultural standards. When studying about the Kotte era its literary achievements must be given recognition. Literary success was attained largely due to the efforts of Rev. Totagamuwa Sri Rahula and Rev. Veedagama Maithri,. Gira, Mayura, Selalihini, Parevi.Kouvl, Hansa Sandesa are some of the books containing verses which were published. All these speak of the landscape design of the historic capital.The importance of this study is multiplied by the fact that Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte has once again being declared as the administrative capital of Sri Lanka, since 1983. No doubt, the decision may have been influenced by the fact that it once was also an administrative capital and by being so again the government wished to trade on the idea of going back to its former glory. Therefore it will be prudent for landscape designers, architects and other controlling bodies to evolve a scheme in which it will enable them not to destroy the concept on which Kotte was built, or important characteristics and features it has cherished. The center of administrative power, the parliament was build in the middle of the Diyawanna Oya after excavating more than 300 acres of the water body. New road net works were built to facilitate rapid commercial and industrial growth. Hence the whole area of Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is being developed in order to meet the challenge of being the capital with the status of a newly industrial country status in the 21 st century. Therefore, it has become an important task to investigate the historical city and the kingdom as a whole in order to understand the influences it had in development to meet the 21 st century needs. This dissertation is thus directed to collecting data and information about the evolution of the city landscape, and analyzing it with the aim of using it in the future. Chapter one of the dissertation concerns the historic background of Kotte kingdom. The period covered by this study will be from 1800 to 1950 (150 years of historical development). Chapter two will be the main chapter of this study. In this chapter landscape design and architecture of the Kotte kingdom will be studied in detail. Landscape design, architecture and the existing remains will be described in detail. The third chapter concentrates on the detail of the present capital of Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte and its landscape design. The final part introduces philosophies, proposals and guidelines to enhance the aesthetics in landscaping the capital of Sri Jayawardenepura.lt considers in what way modern designs should affect the present appearance of the town; what kind of open space improvements should be included in a master plan for coping with the city's future expansion; and what control measures should be introduced in order to conserve the historic landscape character of Sri Jayawardenepura yet allowing it to grow