Tulang: Penyokong Tubuh Manusia

Buku ini memfokuskan secara terperinci mengenai tulang manusia merangkumi aspek penyakit dan kesihatan tulang.Perbicangan dimulai dengan pengenalan kepada anatomi tulang manusia serta proses pembentukan tulang di peringkat janin,bayi,kanak-kanak,remaja,dewasa dan warga emas.Maklumat tentang penyakit tulang dan jenis keabnormalan tulang turut dikupas secara saintifik

Synergistic Interaction Between Combination of Existing Therapy with Polyphenols in Several Human Diseases: A Review

The complicated pathology of current diseases requires an intricate treatment. Today, current application of individual single-target drugs or therapeutic approaches is inadequate to target these diseases not to mentioned perceived shortcomings and presented with numerous adverse effects. The extensive and successful documented findings in natural product researches urges the need to make use of these knowledge in the development of new generation of medicine. Polyphenols are compounds naturally derived from plants and have been describe in many research to have tremendous medical benefit. Therefore, a synergistic combination of readily available drugs or other therapeutic approaches is a favourable approach to enhance efficacy, overcome toxicity and optimize safety. The objective of this review is to describe the synergistic effects between the combination of a variety of polyphenols with synthetic drugs or other therapeutic approaches which can help to improve therapeutic efficacy subsequently minimize the adverse effects of a substance targeted in various diseases focusing mainly on cancer, diabetic, microbial infections and tissue regeneration along with their underlying mechanism

Bone Resorption Marker Status of Pre and Postmenopausal Malay Women in Kelantan and Its Corresponding Risk Factors (Status Petanda Resorpsi Tulang dalam Kalangan Wanita Melayu Pra dan Pascamenopaus di Kelantan dan Faktor Risiko yang Sepadan)

Menopause is the most prevalent cause of accelerated bone loss in women. Biochemical markers of bone resorption can be used clinically to predict future bone loss. This study aimed to determine the level of bone resorption markers in healthy pre and postmenopausal Malay women and determine their association with the risk. A total of 150 healthy women were recruited for this study (51 pre and 99 postmenopausal subjects). Data on socioeconomic, lifestyle habit and clinical were gained by personal interview. Fasting serum was collected to measure both C-telopeptide (CTx) and N-telopeptide (NTx) of type 1 collagen. Both markers were highly correlated with each other (r=0.568, p<0.001). Both intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variations (CV) of NTx were higher than those of CTx (8% and 12% vs 6% and 5%). The mean CTx values of pre and postmenopausal subjects were comparable with the expected values (0.2833 (0.1769) ng/mL and 0.4323 (1.851) ng/mL compared with 0.287 and 0.438 ng/mL, respectively). The NTx value for premenopausal subjects were higher than the expected values (15.2 (8.10) compared to 12.6 (3.20) nM BCE). The median was 19.929 nM BCE. The mean CTx and NTx levels of postmenopausal subjects were significantly lower than premenopausal subjects (p<0.05). The risk factors for bone resorption in this population were duration of menopause, marital status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and education level. In conclusion, postmenopausal women showed a higher bone resorption, indicating higher bone loss. Increasing education and physical activity intervention might be effective to ensure better health in Malaysian older population. Menopaus adalah faktor utama yang mempercepatkan kadar hakisan tulang dalam kalangan wanita. Petanda biokimia bagi hakisan tulang boleh digunakan secara klinikal untuk meramal kehilangan jisim tulang. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti aras resorpsi tulang wanita pra dan pascamenopaus serta mengenal pasti faktor risiko resorpsi tulang dalam golongan ini. Seramai 150 subjek terlibat dalam kajian ini (51 pra dan 99 pascamenopaus). Data sosioekonomi, gaya hidup dan data klinikal diperoleh melalui temu bual secara individu. Serum subjek ketika berpuasa digunakan untuk menentukan petanda resorpsi tulang N- dan C- ‘terminal telopeptides of type 1 collagen’ (NTx dan CTx). Kedua-dua petanda resorpsi tulang ini mempunyai perkaitan yang tinggi (r=0.568, p<0.001). Kedua-dua ‘intra’ dan ‘inter-assay’ pekali ubah (CV) untuk NTx adalah lebih tinggi berbanding CTx (8% dan 12% vs 6% dan 5%). Nilai min CTx wanita pra- dan pascamenopaus dalam kajian ini sebanding dengan nilai jangkaan (0.2833 (0.1769) ng/mL dan 0.4323 (1.851) ng/mL berbanding 0.287 dan 0.438 ng/mL). Nilai NTx bagi wanita pramenopaus adalah lebih tinggi berbanding nilai jangkaan (15.2 (8.10) berbanding 12.6 (3.20) nM BCE). Nilai median adalah 19.929 nM BCE. Nilai min CTx dan NTx bagi subjek pascamenopaus adalah lebih tinggi berbanding subjek pramenopaus (p<0.05). Faktor risiko resorpsi tulang bagi populasi ini adalah tempoh pascamenopaus, status perkahwinan, indeks jisim badan (BMI), aktiviti fizikal dan tahap pendidikan (p<0.05). Kesimpulannya, wanita pascamenopaus mempunyai aras petanda resorpsi tulang yang menggambarkan kadar kehilangan tulang yang lebih tinggi. Meningkatkan tahap pendidikan dan intervensi aktiviti fizikal mungkin merupakan langkah yang berkesan bagi memastikan kesihatan tulang yang lebih baik dalam kalangan populasi warga tua di Malaysia

The Potential Role of Quercus Infectoria Gall Extract on Osteoblast Function and Bone Metabolism

The galls of the Quercus infectoria (QI) tree are traditionally believed to have great medicinal value. Pharmacologically the galls are claimed to have various biological activities such as astringent effect, antidiabetic, antitremorine, local anaesthetic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and many more. These pharmacological activities of gall extracts were reported to be due to its excellent antioxidant activity with phytochemicals constituents of phenolic and flavanoid compounds. The phenolic compounds or polyphenols can act on bone metabolism by modulating os-teoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization, as well as osteoclastogenesis. In addition, elemental and phys-ico-chemical analysis indicated the presence of important minerals in QI, such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, oxygen, potassium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, manganese, nickel and silica. The current review will be focusing on the potential bone health benefits of the well-known traditional herbal medicine, QI or locally known as the “manja-kani”

THE EFFECTS OF OPEN FIELD EXPOSURE ON THE ANXIETY AND LOCOMOTIVE BEHAVIOR OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS IN ELEVATED PLUS MAZE

Anxiety is a multifaceted emotional disorder which requires multiple research models for effective assessment of the condition. Usually, a large number of animals will be used for a single study which will not be reused in other studies. The use of different groups of animals for different aspects of any study may create inter-subject variations that can confound the observed results. Objective of this study is to investigate the effect of pre-exposure to open field (OF) on the anxiety and locomotor behaviors of male adult Wistar rats in elevated plus maze (EPM). We evaluated the effect of pre-exposure in OF on the anxiety and locomotor behaviors of rats at 3 different time intervals. The control group consisted of rats which underwent single exposure in EPM, and the other three groups consisted of rats which underwent a pre-exposure in OF immediately before the EPM session, 2 days before the EPM session, and a week before the EPM session. Our results show that there was no significant effect of OF pre-exposure on the anxiety and the locomotive behavior of rats in EPM at these 3 different intervals. In conclusions, these tests can be conducted successively with minimum time duration in the gap between these two tests

Aqueous polyphenol semi-purified fractions from galls of Quercus infectoria increase ALP activity and mineralisation of hFOB 1.19 cells

The galls of Quercus infectoria (QI) have been reported to possess numerous medicinal values and give a positive effect on bone metabolism. This study investigated the effects of semi-purified fractions of QI gall extract on the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralisation of human foetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB 1.19). The semi-purified fractions (fraction A and B) were prepared by column chromatography methods. MTT assay was used to measure cell proliferation activity to obtain half maximal concentration (EC50) of the cells treated with fraction A (phenolic components and contained amide), fraction B (phenolic components with the presence of alkene), and pamidronate (drug control). The most potent or lowest EC50 was further used to measure ALP activity in the treated and untreated cells at day 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 by ELISA. Cell mineralisation was determined by von Kossa staining for phosphate depositions and Alizarin Red S staining for calcium depositions. The EC50 values for fraction A and B were 8.86 and 9.92 μg/mL, respectively, which showed a greater effect compared to the pamidronate (15.27 μg/mL). The ALP activity of both fractions in the treated cells were also greater compared to the two control groups (cells treated with pamidronate and untreated cells), starting from day 3 onwards. The calcium depositions appeared as red spots, while phosphate depositions appeared as black spots. Interestingly, the calcium depositions of cells treated with both fractions were higher than those of the two control groups. In conclusion, semi-purified fractions of QI gall extract enhanced proliferation, improved mineralisation, and increased ALP activity of hFOB 1.19 cells

Gallic acid and methyl gallate enhance antiproliferative effect of cisplatin on cervical cancer (HeLa) cells

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer-related death affecting women. The drug resistance, toxicities and undesired side effects become the major limitation in cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Gallic acid and methyl gallate are the most abundance phenolic compounds that are widely distributed in plants. This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of gallic acid and methyl gallate and their synergistic effects in combination with cisplatin towards cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. The antioxidant activity of gallic acid and methyl gallate was measured by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assay. Antiproliferative activity of gallic acid, methyl gallate and cisplatin on HeLa and NIH/ 3T3 cells was determined using MTT assay. The effect of gallic acid and methyl gallate combined with cisplatin were then determined by CompuSyn software. Gallic acid and methyl gallate showed strong antioxidant activity with EC50 value of 18.23 µM and 19.39 µM, respectively. The IC50 of gallic acid, methyl gallate and cisplatin on HeLa cells were 13.44 µg/mL, 16.55 µg/mL, and 8.04 µg/mL whereas in NIH/3T3 cells were 32.90 µg/mL, 35.70 µg/mL, and 6.57 µg/mL. Cisplatin combined with fixed concentration of gallic acid and methyl gallate could inhibit the proliferation of HeLa cells greater than cisplatin alone. Interestingly, gallic acid and methyl gallate in combination with cisplatin at the concentration of 0.51-4.02 µg/mL have shown synergistic effects. Therefore, our study suggested that gallic acid and methyl gallate in combination with cisplatin have the potential to be developed as chemotherapeutic agents for cervical cancer

Effects of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP on ethanol withdrawal induced anxiety-like syndrome in rats

Abstinence from chronic ethanol consumption leads to the manifestation of a variety of symptoms attributed to central nervous system hyperexcitability, such as increased irritability, anxiety, and restlessness. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in addictive behaviours. This study investigates the effects of the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) on ethanol withdrawal induced anxiety using two behavioural paradigms. Male Wistar rats were fed a Modified Liquid Diet (MLD) containing low fat cow milk, sucrose, and maltodextrin with a gradual introduction of 2.4%, 4.8% and 7.2% ethanol for 20 days. Six hours into ethanol withdrawal, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline and MPEP (2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, 30 mg/kg) and were assessed for ethanol withdrawal induced anxiety-like syndrome using an automated elevated plus maze and an open field. MPEP at 10 mg/kg significantly attenuated ethanol withdrawal induced anxiety without any compromising effects on locomotor activities. Despite reversing several indices of ethanol withdrawal induced anxiety in both the elevated plus maze and the open field, low doses of MPEP (2.5, 5 mg/kg) significantly compromised the locomotor activities of ethanol withdrawn rats. High doses of MPEP (20 and 30 mg/kg) significantly attenuated withdrawal anxiety when tested in the elevated plus maze but not in the open field. Administration of MPEP (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/kg) has no significant compromising effect on the locomotor activities of ethanol naïve rats. Despite significantly reducing withdrawal anxiety in both behavioural paradigms at 10 mg/kg, the compromising effects of low and high doses of MPEP must be further explored along with the therapeutic efficiency of this drug for relieving withdrawal induced anxiety

Quercus infectoria Gall Extract Enhanced the Proliferation and Activity of Human Fetal Osteoblast Cell Line (hFOB 1.19)

Background: The present study investigated the effects of Quercus infectoria (QI) gall extract on the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, and the morphology of a human fetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB 1.19). Methods: The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium F12 supplemented with a 10% fetal bovine serum, a 1% penicillin/streptomycin and were treated with QI at various concentrations (0.1 to 99.0 μg/mL) for 72 hours. The levels of ALP and osteocalcin were measured at day 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 and were compared among the negative control, pamidronate and QI groups. Results: The median effective concentration (EC50) of hFOB 1.19 treated with QI was 10.30 μg/mL. This concentration was more effective compared to the control drug, pamidronate (EC50 at 16.09 μg/mL). The ALP and osteocalcin levels of hFOB 1.19 treated with QI from day 7 and onwards were significantly increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, from day 7 until day 14, the ALP and osteocalcin levels were highest in the cells treated with QI compared to the other two groups. The morphology of cells treated with QI was uniformly elongated, higher in number and over-confluent. Conclusion: After treatment with QI, cell proliferation enhanced and ALP and osteocalcin levels increased