178 research outputs found
An interpretability framework for Similar case matching
Similar Case Matching (SCM) plays a pivotal role in the legal system by
facilitating the efficient identification of similar cases for legal
professionals. While previous research has primarily concentrated on enhancing
the performance of SCM models, the aspect of interpretability has been
neglected. To bridge the gap, this study proposes an integrated pipeline
framework for interpretable SCM. The framework comprises four modules: judicial
feature sentence identification, case matching, feature sentence alignment, and
conflict resolution. In contrast to current SCM methods, our framework first
extracts feature sentences within a legal case that contain essential
information. Then it conducts case matching based on these extracted features.
Subsequently, our framework aligns the corresponding sentences in two legal
cases to provide evidence of similarity. In instances where the results of case
matching and feature sentence alignment exhibit conflicts, the conflict
resolution module resolves these inconsistencies. The experimental results show
the effectiveness of our proposed framework, establishing a new benchmark for
interpretable SCM
GammaE: Gamma Embeddings for Logical Queries on Knowledge Graphs
Embedding knowledge graphs (KGs) for multi-hop logical reasoning is a
challenging problem due to massive and complicated structures in many KGs.
Recently, many promising works projected entities and queries into a geometric
space to efficiently find answers. However, it remains challenging to model the
negation and union operator. The negation operator has no strict boundaries,
which generates overlapped embeddings and leads to obtaining ambiguous answers.
An additional limitation is that the union operator is non-closure, which
undermines the model to handle a series of union operators. To address these
problems, we propose a novel probabilistic embedding model, namely Gamma
Embeddings (GammaE), for encoding entities and queries to answer different
types of FOL queries on KGs. We utilize the linear property and strong boundary
support of the Gamma distribution to capture more features of entities and
queries, which dramatically reduces model uncertainty. Furthermore, GammaE
implements the Gamma mixture method to design the closed union operator. The
performance of GammaE is validated on three large logical query datasets.
Experimental results show that GammaE significantly outperforms
state-of-the-art models on public benchmarks
Modelling and Performance Analysis of the Over-the-Air Computing in Cellular IoT Networks
Ultra-fast wireless data aggregation (WDA) of distributed data has emerged as
a critical design challenge in the ultra-densely deployed cellular internet of
things network (CITN) due to limited spectral resources. Over-the-air computing
(AirComp) has been proposed as an effective solution for ultra-fast WDA by
exploiting the superposition property of wireless channels. However, the effect
of access radius of access point (AP) on the AirComp performance has not been
investigated yet. Therefore, in this work, the mean square error (MSE)
performance of AirComp in the ultra-densely deployed CITN is analyzed with the
AP access radius. By modelling the spatial locations of internet of things
devices as a Poisson point process, the expression of MSE is derived in an
analytical form, which is validated by Monte Carlo simulations. Based on the
analytical MSE, we investigate the effect of AP access radius on the MSE of
AirComp numerically. The results show that there exists an optimal AP access
radius for AirComp, which can decrease the MSE by up to 12.7%. It indicates
that the AP access radius should be carefully chosen to improve the AirComp
performance in the ultra-densely deployed CITN
Choosing the optimal target area for repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury patients: a comparative analysis
ObjectiveThe specific target area of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI-NP) remains uncertain.MethodsThirty-four participants with SCI-NP were allocated into three groups, namely, the motor cortex (M1, A) group, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC, B) group, and the control (sham stimulation, C) group. The intervention was administered totally 10 times. Outcome measures assessed pre-(T0) and post-(T1)intervention, including Numerical Rating scale (NRS), anxiety (SAS), depression (SDS), sleep quality (PSQI), brief pain inventory (BPI), and impression of change.ResultsAll outcomes in groups A and B significantly changed after intervention (p < 0.05), and the delta value (T1–T0) also significantly changed than group C (p < 0.05). The delta value of SDS in the group B was better than the group A, and the change of pain degree in the group B was moderately correlated with the change in PSQI (r = 0.575, p < 0.05). Both patients in the groups A and B showed significant impression of change about their received therapy (p < 0.05).ConclusionBoth targets are effective, but LDLPFC is more effective in reducing depression in SCI-NP. Healthcare providers might select the suitable area according to the specific attributes of their patients
Prompt Space Optimizing Few-shot Reasoning Success with Large Language Models
Prompt engineering is an essential technique for enhancing the abilities of
large language models (LLMs) by providing explicit and specific instructions.
It enables LLMs to excel in various tasks, such as arithmetic reasoning,
question answering, summarization, relation extraction, machine translation,
and sentiment analysis. Researchers have been actively exploring different
prompt engineering strategies, such as Chain of Thought (CoT), Zero-CoT, and
In-context learning. However, an unresolved problem arises from the fact that
current approaches lack a solid theoretical foundation for determining optimal
prompts. To address this issue in prompt engineering, we propose a new and
effective approach called Prompt Space. Our methodology utilizes text
embeddings to obtain basis vectors by matrix decomposition, and then constructs
a space for representing all prompts. Prompt Space significantly outperforms
state-of-the-art prompt paradigms on ten public reasoning benchmarks. Notably,
without the help of the CoT method and the prompt "Let's think step by step",
Prompt Space shows superior performance over the few-shot method. Overall, our
approach provides a robust and fundamental theoretical framework for selecting
simple and effective prompts. This advancement marks a significant step towards
improving prompt engineering for a wide variety of applications in LLMs.Comment: Natural language processing (NLP
Quantum coherence and interference of a single moir\'e exciton in nano-fabricated twisted semiconductor heterobilayers
Moir\'e potential acts as periodic quantum confinement for optically
generated exciton, generating spatially ordered zero-dimensional quantum
system. However, broad emission spectrum arising from inhomogeneity among
moir\'e potential hinders the exploration of the intrinsic properties of
moir\'e exciton. In this study, we have demonstrated a new method to realize
the optical observation of quantum coherence and interference of a single
moir\'e exciton in twisted semiconducting heterobilayer beyond the diffraction
limit of light. A significant single and sharp photoluminescence peak from a
single moir\'e exciton has been demonstrated after nano-fabrication. We present
the longer duration of quantum coherence of a single moir\'e exciton, which
reaches beyond 10 ps and the accelerated decoherence process with elevating
temperature and excitation power density. Moreover, the quantum interference
has revealed the coupling between moir\'e excitons in different moir\'e
potential minima. The observed quantum coherence and interference of moir\'e
exciton will facilitate potential application toward quantum technologies based
on moir\'e quantum systems.Comment: 42 pages, 4 figure
MLLM-Tool: A Multimodal Large Language Model For Tool Agent Learning
Recently, the astonishing performance of large language models (LLMs) in
natural language comprehension and generation tasks triggered lots of
exploration of using them as central controllers to build agent systems.
Multiple studies focus on bridging the LLMs to external tools to extend the
application scenarios. However, the current LLMs' perceiving tool-use ability
is limited to a single text query, which may result in ambiguity in
understanding the users' real intentions. LLMs are expected to eliminate that
by perceiving the visual- or auditory-grounded instructions' information.
Therefore, in this paper, we propose MLLM-Tool, a system incorporating
open-source LLMs and multi-modal encoders so that the learnt LLMs can be
conscious of multi-modal input instruction and then select the function-matched
tool correctly. To facilitate the evaluation of the model's capability, we
collect a dataset featured by consisting of multi-modal input tools from
HuggingFace. Another important feature of our dataset is that our dataset also
contains multiple potential choices for the same instruction due to the
existence of identical functions and synonymous functions, which provides more
potential solutions for the same query. The experiments reveal that our
MLLM-Tool is capable of recommending appropriate tools for multi-modal
instructions. Codes and data are available at
https://github.com/MLLM-Tool/MLLM-Tool.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures, 10 table
Recent Advances in Soft Biological Tissue Manipulating Technologies
Biological soft tissues manipulation, including conventional (mechanical) and nonconventional (laser, waterjet and ultrasonic) processes, is critically required in most surgical innervations. However, the soft tissues, with their nature of anisotropic and viscoelastic mechanical properties, and high biological and heat sensitivities, are difficult to manipulated. Moreover, the mechanical and thermal induced damage on the surface and surrounding tissue during the surgery can impair the proliferative phase of healing. Thus, understanding the manipulation mechanism and the resulted surface damage is of importance to the community. In recent years, more and more scholars carried out researches on soft biological tissue cutting in order to improve the cutting performance of surgical instruments and reduce the surgery induced tissue damage. However, there is a lack of compressive review that focused on the recent advances in soft biological tissue manipulating technologies. Hence, this review paper attempts to provide an informative literature survey of the state-of-the-art of soft tissue manipulation processes in surgery. This is achieved by exploring and recollecting the different soft tissue manipulation techniques currently used, including mechanical, laser, waterjet and ultrasonic cutting and advanced anastomosis and reconstruction processes, with highlighting their governing removal mechanisms as well as the surface and subsurface damages
Single-cell analysis reveals melanocytes may promote inflammation in chronic wounds through cathepsin G
During acute wound (AW) healing, a series of proper communications will occur between different epidermal cells at precise temporal stages to restore the integrity of the skin. However, it is still unclear what variation happened in epidermal cell interaction in the chronic wound environment. To provide new insights into chronic wound healing, we reconstructed the variations in the epidermal cell-cell communication network that occur in chronic wound healing via single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data analysis. We found that the intricate cellular and molecular interactions increased in pressure ulcer (PU) compared to AW, especially the PARs signaling pathways were significantly upregulated. It shows that the PARs signaling pathways’ main source was melanocytes and the CTSG-F2RL1 ligand-receptor pairs were its main contributor. Cathepsin G (CatG or CTSG) is a serine protease mainly with trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like specificity. It is synthesized and secreted by some immune or non-immune cells. Whereas, it has not been reported that melanocytes can synthesize and secrete the CTSG. F2R Like Trypsin Receptor 1 (F2RL1) is a member of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) that are irreversibly activated by proteolytic cleavage and its stimulation can promote inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration. In this study, we found that melanocytes increased in pressure ulcers, melanocytes can synthesize and secrete the CTSG and may promote inflammation in chronic wounds through CTSG-F2RL1 pairs, which may be a novel potential target and a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of chronic wounds
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