Seeing is believing: in situ/operando optical microscopy for probing electrochemical energy systems

This review discusses a range of in situ/operando techniques based on optical microscopy reported in literatures for studying electrochemical energy systems. Compared to other techniques (scanning probe microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy), optical microscopy offers many advantages including the simplicity of the instrument and operation, cost effectiveness, and nondestructive nature. In the past few decades, significant advances in the field of optical microscopy have been made, enabling new opportunities of more elaborate studies on electrochemical energy systems. Herein, different methodologies are compared, with the emphasis on experimental setup designs and findings, to illustrate their aptness

Toward a mechanistic understanding of microfluidic droplet-based extraction and separation of lanthanides

Droplet-based microfluidic extraction is a promising way for effective lanthanides extraction due to its outstanding mass transfer performance. The separation process can be greatly enhanced with the droplet-based microfluidic extraction technique. However, the interactions between mass transfer, microfluidic dynamics and extraction kinetics are still unclear, which has hindered further manipulation on microfluidic extraction to boost extraction performance. In this study, the mechanisms of microfluidic droplet-based extraction and separation intensification of lanthanides are for the first time unveiled by using a numerical simulation model. The limiting factors for the performance of droplet-based microfluidic extraction are identified through a model-based parametric analysis. The numerical analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of droplet-based microfluidic extraction systems and offer operation and optimization guidelines for future research in this area

Game-Theoretical Approaches To Financial Market And Quantum Game Analysis

Game theory has been used for simulating finance problems for a long time. Not only game can simulate the decision-making process based on strategy and rules, the construction of a game gives various solutions for real financial problems. The thesis introduces basic game theory analysis and discovers numbers game as a tool to construct pricing model. Further works are concentrating on quantum game in order to give extended discussions on quantum Flipping Game.</div

SNP of Opisthopappus species

The VCF file for article DOI: 10.22541 / au/v1 part of 166870495.51723721.</p

Coordinates of activation peaks.

<p>BA indicates Brodmann area. <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z</i> represent position in Talairach coordinate space.</p

Cortical activity during perception of ordinary objects and novel objects.

<p>(A) and (C) Cortical activations associated with perception of ordinary objects compared to baseline. Two regions of activation in the ventral pathway were the right inferior occipital gyrus (rIOG) and the right fusiform gyrus (rFG). (B) and (D) Cortical activations associated with perception of novel objects compared to baseline. The activation region in the ventral pathway was the right limbic lobe parahippocmpal gyrus (rLLPHG). A and B are lateral and back view. C and D are sagittal and coronal sections. The significance thresholds are <i>P</i><0.05 FWE-corrected (the family-wise error) with an extent threshold of 20 contiguous voxels. Functional maps shown at sagittal and coronal sections are overlaid on the T1-weighted images.</p

Significant activations elicited by perception of novel objects.

<p>Regions showing significant activations were associated with perception of novel objects compared with ordinary objects (masked inclusively with both novel and ordinary conditions versus geometric condition). (A) Activation at BA 7 in the left precuneus (lP). (B) Activation at BA 17 in the right lingual gyrus (rLG). (C) Activation at BA 18 in the right middle occipital gyrus (rMOG). The significance thresholds are <i>P</i><0.05 FWE-corrected with an extent threshold of 20 contiguous voxels. Functional maps shown at sagittal and axial sections are overlaid on the T1-weighted images.</p

Examples of experimental materials.

<p>(A) Stimuli were used in ordinary object viewing tasks. (B) Stimuli were used in novel object viewing tasks.</p

Comparison results of dynamic shift functions.

Comparison results of dynamic shift functions.</p

Evaluation and Application of the Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique Using a Mixed-Binding Gel Layer for Measuring Inorganic Arsenic and Metals in Mining Impacted Water and Soil

The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) equipped with a Chelex or ferrihydrite binding gel has been designed to enable the measurement of either labile metal species or inorganic arsenic, respectively. In the mine impacted environment, metals and metalloids commonly coexist in a variety of species. This study, for the first time reports the performance of the DGT with a mixed-binding layer (MBL), consisting of Chelex and ferrihydrite for measurements of both metals and arsenic in a single assay. The MBL that consists of a combination of Chelex and ferrihydrite at a ratio of 1:2 has the greatest binding capacity for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The elemental concentrations measured by using MBL-DGT (<i>C</i>_DGT) were comparable (92–104%) with the original test solution concentrations (<i>C</i>_SOL). The measurement of As by using MBL-DGT was consistent across a wide pH range (3–8) and ionic strength (0.001–0.1 M). At high pH (9), As measurement was slightly affected (∼80%). The measurements of Cd, Pb, and Zn were affected at low pH (<3) and high pH (9). Measurements of Cd, Cu, and Pb were affected at low ionic strength (0.001 M). At high ionic strength (0.1 M), measurements of Cd; Cu and Pb were slightly affected. The capacity of MBL-DGT for quantitative measurement in a multielements solution is effectively limited to 15 μg for As and 70 μg for metals per MBL-DGT device. Good correlations (<i>p</i> < 0.01) between MBL-DGT measurements and ferrihydrite or Chelex DGT were obtained for As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and soil with exception for Cd and Cu (<i>p</i> < 0.05) when deployed in soil