An entropy inequality for symmetric random variables

We establish a lower bound on the entropy of weighted sums of (possibly dependent) random variables $(X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n)$ possessing a symmetric joint distribution. Our lower bound is in terms of the joint entropy of $(X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n)$. We show that for $n \geq 3$, the lower bound is tight if and only if $X_i$'s are i.i.d.\ Gaussian random variables. For $n=2$ there are numerous other cases of equality apart from i.i.d.\ Gaussians, which we completely characterize. Going beyond sums, we also present an inequality for certain linear transformations of $(X_1, \dots, X_n)$. Our primary technical contribution lies in the analysis of the equality cases, and our approach relies on the geometry and the symmetry of the problem.Comment: submitted to ISIT 201

Progenitor delay-time distribution of short gamma-ray bursts: Constraints from observations

Context. The progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) have not yet been well identified. The most popular model is the merger of compact object binaries (NS-NS/NS-BH). However, other progenitor models cannot be ruled out. The delay-time distribution of SGRB progenitors, which is an important property to constrain progenitor models, is still poorly understood. Aims. We aim to better constrain the luminosity function of SGRBs and the delay-time distribution of their progenitors with newly discovered SGRBs. Methods. We present a low-contamination sample of 16 Swift SGRBs that is better defined by a duration shorter than 0.8 s. By using this robust sample and by combining a self-consistent star formation model with various models for the distribution of time delays, the redshift distribution of SGRBs is calculated and then compared to the observational data. Results. We find that the power-law delay distribution model is disfavored and that only the lognormal delay distribution model with the typical delay tau >= 3 Gyr is consistent with the data. Comparing Swift SGRBs with T90 > 0.8 s to our robust sample (T90 < 0.8 s), we find a significant difference in the time delays between these two samples. Conclusions. Our results show that the progenitors of SGRBs are dominated by relatively long-lived systems (tau >= 3 Gyr), which contrasts the results found for Type Ia supernovae. We therefore conclude that primordial NS-NS systems are not favored as the dominant SGRB progenitors. Alternatively, dynamically formed NS-NS/BH and primordial NS-BH systems with average delays longer than 5 Gyr may contribute a significant fraction to the overall SGRB progenitors.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, Astron. Astrophys. in pres

Black hole entropy arising from massless scalar field with Lorentz violation induced by the coupling to Einstein tensor

We have investigated quantum entropy of a static black hole arising from the massless scalar field with Lorentz violation induced by the coupling to Einstein tensor. Our results show that the coupled massless scalar field contributes to the classical Bekenstein-Hawking term in the black hole entropy. The corrected classical Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is not one quarter of the event horizon area of the original background black hole, but of a corresponding effective metric related to the coupling. It means that the classical Bekenstein-Hawking entropy depends not only on the black hole parameter, but also on the coupling which reduces Lorentz violation.Comment: 5 pages, no figure. Accepted by PLB for publicatio

Exploring the Anomalous Top-Higgs FCNC Couplings at the electron proton colliders

We perform an updated analysis on the searches for the anomalous FCNC Yukawa interactions between the top quark, the Higgs boson, and either an up or charm quark ($\rm tqh,\ q=u,\ c$). We probe the observability of the FCNC top-Higgs couplings through the processes $\rm e^- p\rightarrow \nu_e \bar{t} \rightarrow \nu_e h \bar{q}$ (signal.I) and $\rm \ e^- p \to \nu_e h b$ (singal.II) at the proposed electron proton (ep) colliders, where the Higgs boson decays to a $\rm b\bar{b}$ pair. We find that at the high luminosity (1 $\rm ab^{-1}$) ep colliders where the electrons have a polarisation of $\rm 80\%$ and electron energy is typical 60 GeV, the 2$\sigma$ upper limit on $\rm Br(t\to uh)$ are $0.15\times 10^{-2}$($2.9\times 10^{-4}$) at the 7TeV@LHeC(50TeV@FCC-eh) for signal.I and $0.15\times 10^{-2}$($2.2\times 10^{-4}$) for signal.II. We also give an estimate on how the sensitivity (take signal.I as examples) would change when we reduce the electron beam energy from 60 GeV to 50 GeV or even 40 GeV due to the cost reason. The conclusion is that the discovery potential reduce $8.7\%$($29.4\%$) if the electron beam change from 60GeV to 50(40) GeV at the 7TeV LHeC, and $16.8\%$($19.8\%$) at the 50 TeV FCC-eh.Comment: 8 figures. 4 tables. 26 page