44 research outputs found
Gender differences and inflammation: an in vitro model of blood cells stimulation in prepubescent children
Gender influences clinical presentations and markers in inflammatory diseases. In many chronic conditions, frequency of complications is greater in females, suggesting that continuous inflammatory reaction may induce greater damage in targeted organs and functions.Journal ArticleSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Contribution des acides gras essentiels de type oméga-3 et du statut en immunoglobulines G sur la diminution des exacerbations pulmonaires des patients atteints de mucoviscidose
IntroductionLa mucoviscidose est due Ă des mutations dâun seul gĂšne codant pour une protĂ©ine appelĂ©e Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). Cette protĂ©ine, principalement connue pour fonctionner comme un canal chlore (Cl-), rĂ©gule Ă©galement plusieurs processus physiologiques et organes.Les exacerbations pulmonaires exercent un rĂŽle majeur dans lâatteinte respiratoire qui reste la principale cause de morbi-mortalitĂ© de la mucoviscidose. Diminuer le nombre des exacerbations pulmonaires reste donc une prioritĂ© dans la prise en charge des patients.ObjectifsLe but de cette thĂšse Ă©tait dâĂ©tudier la contribution de deux facteurs susceptibles dâinfluencer la frĂ©quence des exacerbations pulmonaires chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose :la supplĂ©mentation en acides gras essentiels (AGE) de type omĂ©ga-3 dans un modĂšle thĂ©rapeutique et le statut en immunoglobulines (Ig)G dans une approche diagnostique. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodesUne revue de la littĂ©rature sur les diffĂ©rentes fonctions de la protĂ©ine CFTR ainsi que sur son implication dans la physiopathologie pulmonaire de la mucoviscidose a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e.Pour Ă©tudier la contribution des AGE de type omĂ©ga-3 sur les exacerbations pulmonaires, deux Ă©tudes ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. La premiĂšre, une Ă©tude pilote randomisĂ©e et contrĂŽlĂ©e, a comparĂ© les bĂ©nĂ©fices potentiels dâune supplĂ©mentation orale en omĂ©ga-3, combinant des hautes doses dâ acides eicosapentaĂ©noĂŻque (EPA) et docosahexaĂ©noĂŻque (DHA) Ă un placĂ©bo, pendant une durĂ©e dâun an, sur le nombre des exacerbations pulmonaires, la durĂ©e de lâantibiothĂ©rapie (AB), des paramĂštres fonctionnels et inflammatoires ainsi que sur le profil Ă©rythrocytaire en AGE de 15 patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Dans la seconde Ă©tude, le profil en AGE de 17 patients greffĂ©s pulmonaires a Ă©tĂ© comparĂ© Ă celui de 33 non-greffĂ©s afin de comprendre les anomalies dĂ©crites dans la mucoviscidose, en Ă©valuant lâinfluence potentielle de la transplantation pulmonaire sur le profil plasmatique et Ă©rythrocytaire en AGE.Pour Ă©tudier la contribution du statut en IgG sur les exacerbations pulmonaires, une Ă©tude transversale et une Ă©tude longitudinale ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă 10 ans dâintervalle chez respectivement 62 et 66 patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Le nombre des exacerbations pulmonaires et la durĂ©e de lâAB ainsi que des paramĂštres fonctionnels et inflammatoires, le gĂ©notype, le type dâinfection chronique et le sexe ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s selon leur statut en IgG, Ă©valuĂ© annuellement dans le bilan biologique depuis leur diagnostic de mucoviscidose.RĂ©sultatsLa protĂ©ine CFTR rĂ©gule d'autres canaux ioniques, comme le canal Ă©pithĂ©lial sodique (Na+) (ENaC). Cette fonction est cruciale pour l'Ă©quilibre osmotique du mucus et sa viscositĂ©. La protĂ©ine CFTR intervient Ă©galement dans dâautres processus physiologiques, comme le transport du bicarbonate, du glutathion et du thiocyanate, les cellules de lâimmunitĂ© innĂ©e et le mĂ©tabolisme des lipides. Dans lâĂ©tude pilote de supplĂ©mentation en omĂ©ga-3, les taux Ă©rythrocytaires dâEPA et de DHA ont augmentĂ© dĂšs 3 mois de traitement, associĂ©s Ă une diminution concomitante des taux dâacide arachidonique (AA). En comparaison avec lâannĂ©e prĂ©cĂ©dant la supplĂ©mentation et le groupe placĂ©bo, le nombre des exacerbations pulmonaires et la durĂ©e cumulĂ©e de lâAB ont significativement diminuĂ© dans le groupe supplĂ©mentĂ©. Les patients ayant bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© dâune transplantation pulmonaire prĂ©sentaient un profil plasmatique en AGE plus favorable comparĂ© aux non-greffĂ©s (taux des omĂ©ga-3 totaux, dâEPA et de DHA significativement plus Ă©levĂ©s et ratio omĂ©ga-6/omĂ©ga-3 plus faible). Cependant, ces diffĂ©rences nâont pas Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es au niveau Ă©rythrocytaire. Les patients greffĂ©s prĂ©sentaient Ă©galement moins dâinfections pulmonaires, une durĂ©e moindre de lâAB et des taux moins Ă©levĂ©s des IgG. Des anomalies du statut en IgG ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es dans les deux Ă©tudes. LâhypogammaglobulinĂ©mie des IgG (hypo-IgG) transitoire ou persistante prĂ©sentĂ©e par un tiers des patients depuis leur diagnostic Ă©tait associĂ©e paradoxalement Ă moins dâexacerbations pulmonaires, Ă une durĂ©e moins longue de lâAB et Ă des valeurs plus faibles de la vitesse de sĂ©dimentation. LâhypergammaglobulinĂ©mie des IgG (hyper-IgG), observĂ©e uniquement dans lâĂ©tude transversale, Ă©tait associĂ©e Ă une atteinte plus importante du volume expirĂ© maximal en 1 seconde (VEMS) et du score clinique de Shwachman-Kulczycki. DiscussionLa protĂ©ine CFTR n'est donc pas seulement un canal Cl-. Ses diffĂ©rentes fonctions influencent Ă©galement lâhomĂ©ostasie du pH du liquide de surface des voies aĂ©riennes, l'immunitĂ© innĂ©e, le stress oxydatif ainsi que le mĂ©tabolisme des lipides et en particulier, le mĂ©tabolisme des AGE. La multifonctionnalitĂ© de cette protĂ©ine explique la complexitĂ© de la physiopathologie pulmonaire de la mucoviscidose.Le profil plasmatique en AGE sâamĂ©liore aprĂšs la transplantation pulmonaire, suggĂ©rant lâimportance de la contribution de lâinflammation des poumons des patients atteints de mucoviscidose dans les anomalies de leur profil en AGE. En plus de la prĂ©sence fonctionnelle de la protĂ©ine CFTR au niveau pulmonaire, elle Ă©liminerait la cause principale de lâinfection et de lâinflammation chronique, reflĂ©tĂ©e par la diminution du nombre des infections pulmonaires, de la durĂ©e de lâAB et des taux des IgG des patients greffĂ©s ainsi que lâoxydation excessive des AGE comme source d'Ă©nergie. Cependant, cette amĂ©lioration nâest pas observĂ©e au niveau Ă©rythrocytaire. Seule une supplĂ©mentation en omĂ©ga-3 Ă hautes doses serait susceptible d'augmenter les taux des AGE dans la membrane Ă©rythrocytaire des patients greffĂ©s ou non-greffĂ©s, en amĂ©liorant les gradients entre la lumiĂšre intestinale, le plasma et la membrane cellulaire, et de diminuer le nombre des exacerbations pulmonaires chez les non-greffĂ©s. Le statut en IgG des patients pĂ©diatriques atteints de mucoviscidose a donc changĂ© au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. LâhyperâIgG nâest plus observĂ©e, probablement grĂące au traitement agressif de toute infection pulmonaire, contribuant au contrĂŽle de lâinflammation et de la rĂ©ponse immunitaire systĂ©mique. Par contre, lâhypoâIgG est toujours observĂ©e. Lâhypo-IgG associĂ©e Ă un nombre plus limitĂ© des exacerbations pulmonaires et Ă une diminution de lâinflammation fait lâobjet dâhypothĂšses dans cette thĂšse qui devront ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©es. ConclusionMĂȘme Ă lâĂšre des modulateurs de la protĂ©ine CFTR, la complexitĂ© de la physiopathologie de lâatteinte pulmonaire dans la mucoviscidose doit nous inciter Ă dĂ©velopper diffĂ©rentes options thĂ©rapeutiques et de prise en charge pour tous les patients.Cette thĂšse a permis de montrer quâune supplĂ©mentation orale en omĂ©ga-3, combinant du DHA et de lâEPA Ă hautes doses, et une hypo-IgG transitoire ou persistante, identifiĂ©e lors du bilan annuel, sont associĂ©es Ă une diminution des exacerbations pulmonaires et de la durĂ©e de lâAB.Par consĂ©quent, une supplĂ©mentation en omĂ©ga-3 permettrait de retarder et de ralentir lâatteinte pulmonaire alors que lâĂ©valuation du statut en IgG dĂ©terminerait le pronostic et permettrait dâadapter les traitements. Ces deux approches thĂ©rapeutique et diagnostique pourraient donc ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©es dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de mucoviscidose afin dâamĂ©liorer leur qualitĂ© et leur espĂ©rance de vie.Doctorat en Sciences mĂ©dicales (MĂ©decine)info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe
Prévention et traitement de l'asthme chez l'enfant
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with an impact on the life of the patient, his family and the society. Asthma is the most common chronic disease of the childhood. Consequently, prevention and treatment of asthma are real challenges in public health. Treatment includes two levels: prevention and medication treatment. Prevention is to avoid one or several causes of asthma and risk factors of exacerbations particularly in high risk population. Medication treatment includes the reliever treatment and the maintenance treatment. Bronchodilatator treatment will be used in first line treatment in asthma attacks. Inhaled glucocorticosteroids are the most effective controller medications. No treatment is curative for asthma, establishing of therapeutic objectives is necessary. The reliever treatment, the maintenance treatment, the new classification of asthma and the new recommendations of therapeutic management will be discussed.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Facteurs favorisants de lâasthme chez lâenfant atteint de dermatite atopique
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Prise en charge du tabagisme en médecine générale
Tobacco is a hard drug causing triple dependence. The medical management of tobacco smokers is thus complex and challenging. It requires a global approach combining non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment. The general practitioner, having a privileged status, plays an important role. The recommended management is the strategy of the 5As (Ask, Advice, Assess, Assist, Arrange). This article proposes the management of tobacco smoking and cessation, in general practice, in the adult smoker, as well as the specificities of tobacco smoking and cessation in the pregnant woman and the teenager.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Immuno-allergologie chez l'enfant: diagnostic et traitement.
Atopy is the most frequent allergic disease in western countries: about 30% of children are suffering from various forms of its manifestations. During the 20th century, its frequency gradually increased. This is not only true for sensitization (presence of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the skin or in the serum), but also for clinical symptoms associated with sensitization. It is usually a disease of skin and mucosae, but atopy can also become systemic (anaphylaxis). Hygienist hypothesis (reduction of infectious diseases and Th1 pressure) gives a possible explanation to the impressive increase of allergic diseases during the last decades. In the child, atopic dermatitis and food allergies are first observed (allergic march): 5 allergens explain more than 85% of cases (white egg, milk, peanuts, fish and nuts). Skin prick tests are more sensible than specific IgE measurements in the serum; they are usually done before. Provocation tests (labial and oral) can confirm the diagnosis when necessary. Four families of aeroallergens are described (pollens, house dust mites, pets and moistures). Eviction is the first line of treatment, than drugs are prescribed to reduce symptoms and inflammation (corticosteroids, antihistamine). Desensitization and immunomodulators that can induce tolerance are also proposed in defined situations.English AbstractJournal ArticleSCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Cftr protein: Not just a chloride channel?
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in a gene encoding a protein called Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). The CFTR protein is known to acts as a chloride (Clâ ) channel expressed in the exocrine glands of several body systems where it also regulates other ion channels, including the epithelial sodium (Na+ ) channel (ENaC) that plays a key role in salt absorption. This function is crucial to the osmotic balance of the mucus and its viscosity. However, the pathophysiology of CF is more challenging than a mere dysregulation of epithelial ion transport, mainly resulting in impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC) with consecutive bronchiectasis and in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. This review shows that the CFTR protein is not just a chloride channel. For a long time, research in CF has focused on abnormal Clâ and Na+ transport. Yet, the CFTR protein also regulates numerous other pathways, such as the transport of HCO3â, glutathione and thiocyanate, immune cells, and the metabolism of lipids. It influences the pH homeostasis of airway surface liquid and thus the MCC as well as innate immunity leading to chronic infection and inflammation, all of which are considered as key pathophysiological characteristics of CF.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Impact de la pĂ©riode de transition de l'enfance Ă lâĂąge adulte dans la mucoviscidose
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the transition period from childhood to adulthood in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) being followed up in our reference center. Methods: The clinical, functional, inflammatory and microbiological parameters of all transition patients were compared two years before (T-2) and two years after the transfer (T + 2) from paediatric to adult centers and further analysed according to whether the transition conditions were optimal or suboptimal. Results: Twenty-eight patients were included. The mean age at the transfer visit was 19.5 years (± 3.5). There were no deaths during the study period. Consultations were more numerous at T-2 [14.5 (± 5.9) vs. 12.0 (± 5.1), P < 0.004]. Chronic colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more frequent at T+ 2 (46.4% vs. 17.9%, P = 0.021). A progressive decrease in FEV1 and FVC was observed between T-2 and T + 2. The number of pulmonary exacerbations was lower in the optimal transition group. Conclusion: The period of transition from childhood to adulthood in patients with CF appears to be associated with functional and microbiological changes.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
A case report of successful eradication of new isolates of Burkholderia cenocepacia in a child with cystic fibrosis
Chronic respiratory infection with Burkholderia cenocepacia (Bc) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with accelerated decline in lung function and increased mortality. It is therefore important to attempt to eradicate new isolates, especially in children. However, there are no standardized guidelines to eradicate Bc. We report a case of successful eradication of new isolates of Bc in a 2-year-old child with CF using a combination of IV, nebulized antibiotics and sinus surgery.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
A medication adherenceâenhancing simulation intervention in pediatric cystic fibrosis
Adherence to chronic pulmonary drugs in cystic fibrosis (CF) is suboptimal. We studied the feasibility and effectiveness of a multistep medication adherenceâenhancing simulation intervention for pediatric CF, which was embedded in motivational interviewing and education. Product simulation experiments were performed by the children themselves, and they addressed adherence to mucolytics/hydrators and antibiotics. Dornase alfaâtreated patients aged 7â13 years were included. We invited each patient and their parents to attend an interview. PowerPoint slides were presented and discussed. The final slide invited the patient to perform the simulation experiments, and, in so doing, they experienced what happens when they either do or do not take their medication. An educational film was applied as a summary tool. A patient-centered empathic counseling style was used. Two months later, the child and their parents each completed a different anonymous questionnaire. Overall, 21 patients were included. Parents rated the means of communication and improvement in their childâs motivation as very satisfactory. Children highly appreciated the experiments they performed. They often answered two questions on dornase alfa correctly and associated knowledge with adherence. Our results suggest that experiential simulation-based learning is extremely appropriate, and that this multistep intervention is feasible and effective in pediatric CF.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe