The influence of modified gravitational fields on motions of Keplerian objects at the far-edge of the Solar System

We investigated the impact of three different modifications of Newtonian gravity on motions of Keplerian objects within the Solar System. These objects are located at distances of the order of the distance to the Oort cloud. With these three modifications we took into account a heliocentric Dark-Matter halo as was indicated by Diemand et al, Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and a vacuum-induced force due to a locally negative cosmological constant $\Lambda_-$ derived by Fahr & Siewert. In gravitationally bound systems it turns out that all three modifications deliver the same qualitative results: Initially circular orbits for the pure Newtonian case are forced to convert into ellipses with perihelion migrations. The quantitative consideration, however, of the orbital parameters showed strong differences between MOND on the one side, and Dark-Matter and $\Lambda_-$ effects on the other side.Comment: 9 pages, 16 figures, MNRAS accepte

GENERALIZED MULTI-POLYTROPIC RANKINE–HUGONIOT RELATIONS AND THE ENTROPY CONDITION

The study aims at a derivation of generalized Rankine-Hugoniot relations, especially that for the entropy, for the case of different upstream/downstream polytropic indices and their implications. We discuss the solar/stellar wind interaction with the interstellar medium for different polytropic indices. Moreover, we concentrate on the situation when the polytropic index changes across hydrodynamical shocks. First, we use a numerical monofluid approach with a constant polytropic index in the entire integration region to show the influence of the polytropic index on the thickness of the helio-/astrosheath and on the compression ratio. Second, the Rankine-Hugoniot relations for a polytropic index changing across a shock are derived analytically, particularly including a new form of the entropy condition. In application to the/an helio-/astrosphere, we find that the size of the helio-/astrosheath as a function of the polytropic index decreases in a monofluid model for indices less than gamma = 5/3 and increases for higher ones and vice versa for the compression ratio. Furthermore, we demonstrate that changing polytropic indices across a shock are physically allowed only for sufficiently high Mach numbers and that in the hypersonic limit the compression ratio depends only on the downstream polytropic index, while the ratios of the temperature and pressure as well as the entropy difference depend on both the upstream and downstream polytropic indices