Guidelines from an expert panel for the management of diabetic macular edema in the Malaysian population

AIM: To derive a Malaysia guideline and consensus as part of the Malaysia Retina Group's efforts for diagnosis, treatment, and best practices of diabetic macular edema (DME). The experts' panel suggests that the treatment algorithm to be divided into groups according to involvement the central macula. The purpose of DME therapy is to improve edema and achieve the best visual results with the least amount of treatment load. METHODS: On two different occasions, a panel of 14 retinal specialists from Malaysia, together with an external expert, responded to a questionnaire on management of DME. A consensus was sought by voting after compiling, analyzing and discussion on first-phase replies on the round table discussion. A recommendation was deemed to have attained consensus when 12 out of the 14 panellists (85%) agreed with it. RESULTS: The terms target response, adequate response, nonresponse, and inadequate response were developed when the DME patients' treatment responses were first characterized. The panelists reached agreement on a number of DME treatment-related issues, including the need to classify patients prior to treatment, first-line treatment options, the right time to switch between treatment modalities, and side effects associated with steroids. From this agreement, recommendations were derived and a treatment algorithm was created. CONCLUSION: A detail and comprehensive treatment algorithm by Malaysia Retina Group for the Malaysian population provides guidance for treatment allocation of patients with DME

Bilateral indirect carotid cavernous fistula post trivial injury– A case report

Fifty-seven years old Malay lady, post menopausal with co-morbid of diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with three months history of bilateral painful red eyes associated with double vision. Examination revealed both eyes proptosis, corkscrew vessels with present of bruit, secondary narrow angle with raised intraocular pressure, 6th cranial nerve palsy, and bilateral venous stasis retinopathy. CT angiogram showed bilateral dilated superior ophthalmic veins with cerebral angiogram findings of bilateral indirect carotid cavernous fistula involving small meningeal vessels. Indirect or dural cavernous sinus Fistula can easily be missed or misdiagnosed. Trivial injury especially in the predisposing patient can initiate the occurrence

A masquerader: A report of rapid progressive primary intraocular lymphoma

Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is an uncommon subset of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). We report a rapid progressive of this disease in a 73 years old lady who presented with one year history of left eye floaters, associated with deterioration of left vision. Examination revealed left eye vitritis and typical vitreous clumps. Left vitrectomy and vitreous biopsy was performed with result showed few singly dispersed atypical lymphoid cells. She was diagnosed to have Primary Intraocular lymphoma and was started on intravitreal methotrexate. Initially she responded well but later the tumour spread to liver, breast and brain within a year. She finally succumbed to the disease. High index of suspicion of PIOL is mandatory in all elderly patients presenting with panuveitis. Co-management with the Neurologist is vital in the continuous management of these patients in view of the high rate of mortality