Characterization of alum sludge for reuse and disposal

The properties of spent drinking water treatment sludge (WTS) were investigated to determine its physical and chemical properties. WTS was obtained from the Semanggar Water Treatment Plant, Kota Tinggi, Johore, Malaysia. Bulk density, particle density, porosity, surface area, particle size, moisture content, ash content, chemical composition, leachability of heavy metals, pH and the total organic carbon (TOC) were determined. Surface and other physicochemical properties were also studied using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), TGA, FTIR, BET single point surface area analyzer, and TOC analyzer. Results showed that the particle size, bulk density and particle density of WTS were 2-5 μm, 0.831 ± 0.061 g/cm3 and 2.66 ± 0.029 g/cm3, respectively. The porosity was 68-69% with surface of 38.92 m2/g and ash content of 67%, reflecting the high TOC of 1440.37±14.71. The sludge contained 29% moisture and showed a pH value of 4.28 in solution. Analysis of acid digest indicated a high content of Al and Fe. The WTS were shown to leach very low levels of selected heavy metals

Kimia am Jilid 1

Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan, prakata, penghargaan, bab 1: asas sains, unit pengukuran dalam sains, angka bernilai, asas kimia, pengelasan jirim, bab 2: konsep atom, atom, simbol atom, jisim atom relatif, jisim molekul relatif, bab 3: struktur elektron dalam atom, spektrum elektromagnet, spektrum atom, spektrum atom hidrogen, spektrum atom lain, bab 4: jadual berkala unsur, triad dobereiner, aturan oktaf, jadual mendeleev, jadual susunan unsur moden, bab 5: ikatan kimia, aturan oktet dan simbol lewis, ikatan ionik, faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan sebatian ionik, sifat-sifat sebatian ionik, bab 6: sifat jirim, perubahan keadaan jirim, takat lebur dan takat beku, takat didih dan kondensasi, gas, bab 7: termokimia, sistem dan sekeliling, entalpi dan perubahan entalpi, perubahan eksotermik dan endotermik, pengukuran entalpi tindak balas, bab 8: kimia kinetik, kadar tindak balas, hukum kadar dan pemalar kadar, tertib tindak balas, separuh hayat, indeks, bibliografi

Kimia am Jilid II

Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan, prakata, penghargaan, bab 9 keseimbangan kimia, tabii keseimbangan kimia, hukum tindakan jisim dan pemalar keseimbangan, bab 10 asid dan bes, takrifan arrhenius bagi asid dan bes, takrifan bronsted-lowry bagi asid dan bes, bab 11 teori ion dan kekonduksian, kekonduksian elektrik, teori ion dan elektrolit, bab 12 keseimbangan fasa, fasa, bilangan komponen, bab 13 tindak balas redoks, nombor pengoksidaan, ciri-ciri tindak balas redoks, bab 14 elektrokimia, sel voltan, keupayaan elektrod, bab 15 kimia organik, pengelasan sebatian organik, ikatan dalam sebatian organik, bab 16 kimia nukleus, kandungan nukleus, saiz nukleus, bibliografi, pemalar fizik, jawapan soalan, indeks