Revenue Sharing with Multiple Airlines and Airports

This paper investigates the effects of concession revenue sharing between an airport and its airlines. It is found that the degree of revenue sharing will be affected by how carriers’ services are related (complements, independent, or substitutes). In particular, when carriers provide substitutable services, the sharing proportions might become negative if horizontal substitutability is sufficiently strong. In these situations, while revenue sharing improves profit, it reduces social welfare. It is further found that airport competition results in a higher degree of revenue sharing than would be had in the case of single airports. Nevertheless, the airport-airline chains may derive lower profits through this revenue-sharing rivalry, and the situation is similar to a classic Prisoners’ Dilemma. As the airport-airline chains move further away from their joint profit maximum, social welfare rises beyond the level achievable by single airports. Our analysis also shows that the (equilibrium) revenue-sharing proportion at an airport decreases in the number of its carriers, and increases in the number of carriers at the competing airports. Finally, the effects of the pure sharing contract are compared with those of the two-part sharing contract

A bibliometric analysis of Technology Acceptance Models in Tourism-Culture-Museum and Mainstream Service Contexts

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is the most commonly used theoretical understanding of technology adoption research and also the most powerful model applied to describe personal acceptance decisions. Prior studies fail to become comprehensive due to confining in one industry, so authors review top journal articles in mainstream service and tourism-related industries as well as identify the diverse trendy and similar grounds through a bibliometric analysis. Totally 16 top SSCI journals selected for this research and find all the articles mention TAM. After excluding 79 papers not based on the theory of TAM, 100 papers remain. The analysis focused on descriptive statistical analysis through CiteSpace and content analysis to distinguish similarities and differences between two diverse industries. This study contributes to visualizing the progress of TAM in two industries from a comprehensive perspective and provides clues for a future investigation related to TAM. This is the pioneer study to investigate TAM in two fields using qualitative and visualized bibliometric analysis

Understanding airline price dispersion in the presence of high-speed rail

This paper examines the price dispersion among China's “Big Three”, namely, Air China, China Eastern and China Southern in the presence of high-speed rail (HSR). It has been found that HSR is positively and significantly associated with airline price dispersion on the long-haul routes, which may suggest that the presence of HSR can facilitate airline cooperation in setting prices and outputs, thereby leading to greater price dispersion. However, on the short-haul routes where HSR is highly substitutable, the HSR competition effect dominates, and smaller price dispersion is observed. All the market structure and competition variables included in this study support the conclusion that price dispersion is greater in more concentrated and more densely travelled markets. The contribution of airline cost to price dispersion is limited

Price discrimination and yield management in the airline industry

This chapter introduces the concept of price discrimination and explores how a new airline business model enhances the practice of price discrimination in the Australian airline market. Based on the idea of price discrimination, airlines apply yield management to capture high-yield passengers and at the same time to fill the aircraft with price-sensitive passengers to avoid the flight departing with too many empty seats. This history, recent development, and approaches of airline yield management are presented in this chapter

Evaluating the price effects of two airline mergers in China

This paper compares the price effects of two influential airline mergers taking place in China in 2010. We offer the first comparative analysis of two different types of airline mergers in the Chinese airline market: a parallel merger and a complementary merger. With a difference-in-differences approach, we found that the two types of mergers resulted in similar pricing patterns for the airlines involved in the mergers, suggesting that complementary mergers could also confer an increase in market power. It has been found that the negative impact of high-speed rail on fares gradually weakened after the mergers

Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on the Associated Genes Expression of Autophagy Signaling Pathway of Carassius auratus Lymphocytes in vitro

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been detected in various water bodies and caused harm to aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and mechanism associated with autophagy and oxidative stress after exposure to PFOA (0, 1, 10, 100 μg/L) for 12 h on lymphocytes, which was isolated from the head kidney of Carassius auratus (C. auratus). Both of autophagy formation, cell activity, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured. The relative expression of partial autophagy-related genes autophagy related 5 (Atg 5), autophagy related 7 (Atg 7), and Beclin 1 were also cloned and detected. Homologous relationships analysis showed high identities of genes in C. auratus and other fish by blast. C. auratus lymphocytes growth inhibition rates was increased induced by PFOA. Compared with the control group, the ROS generation and the MDA content were significantly increased in all of the PFOA-treated group. Besides, decreased SOD activity and decrease of GSH activity induced by PFOA further confirmed the occurrence of oxidative stress. The number of autophagosome formations was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, Atg 7 and Beclin 1 mRNA expression was elevated significantly after PFOA exposed, showing a time-dependent manner, while mRNA expression of Atg 5 was increased remarkably in 100 μg/L PFOA-treated group. Our results indicated that PFOA caused oxidative damage to lymphocytes in C. auratus and caused various autophagy signaling pathway-associated genes imbalances in the lymphocytes. Autophagy signaling pathway-associated genes imbalance could weaken antioxidant capacity and involve in the mechanism of C. auratus lymphocytes oxidative injury caused by PFOA

On Enterprises’ Total Budget Management Based on Big Data Analysis

At present, there is a delay in the transmission and acceptance of information in the total budget management of enterprises, which can only provide a basis for short-term decision-making, but has limitations on long-term decision-making. However, big data analysis can increase the efficiency of capital operations, carry out budget supervision and help companies make long-term decisions. This dissertation attempts to solve the problems above by using the Lasso method and the GM-Model. Based on big data, a series of experiments are carried out on the comprehensive budget management of enterprises to study the methods and application effects of big data analysis and prediction of enterprise income. Finally, through experiments, it is found that the predicted value of the first three years is larger than the actual value, and the deviation is gradually reduced in the following years. However, the actual income in 2001 is almost the same as the predicted value. These results indicate that using this method more accurately requires a large data from different years to support and operate

Deletion of type VIII collagen reduces blood pressure, increases carotid artery functional distensibility and promotes elastin deposition

Arterial stiffening is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease development and mortality. In elastic arteries, stiffening refers to the loss and fragmentation of elastic fibers, with a progressive increase in collagen fibers. Type VIII collagen (Col-8) is highly expressed developmentally, and then once again dramatically upregulated in aged and diseased vessels characterized by arterial stiffening. Yet its biophysical impact on the vessel wall remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Col-8 functions as a matrix scaffold to maintain vessel integrity during extracellular matrix (ECM) development. These changes are predicted to persist into the adult vasculature, and we have tested this in our investigation. Through ou

Impact of high-speed rail on market concentration and Lerner index in China’s airline market

China has become the second largest air transport market in the world since 2005. Its total length of high-speed rail (HSR) tracks in operation has been greater than that of all other countries combined since 2012. HSR poses a significant challenge to the Chinese airline industry, especially on major airline routes. The impacts of HSR on two market-competition measures, namely, the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Lerner index, are examined in this study. In general, the entry of HSR had the effect of reducing market power measured by both the unweighted and weighted Lerner indexes. However, the Lerner index and HHI of the routes with parallel HSR services remained consistently higher than those of the routes without parallel HSR services

Removal of Phosphate from Wastewater with a Recyclable La-Based Particulate Adsorbent in a Small-Scale Reactor

It is crucial to develop an effective and easily recoverable phosphate absorbent for the control of eutrophication problems in polluted rivers. In this study, a stable particulate adsorbent with a diameter of 5 mm synthesized from lanthanum, activated carbon, and zeolite (La-CZ) was developed, characterized, and tested for the removal of phosphate from wastewater in a small-scale reactor, which was designed to easily recycle La-CZ with a basket. Batch studies showed that La-CZ could reach adsorption equilibrium within 2 h and the maximum phosphate sorption capacity was 18.2 mg g−1. The experimental data showed good compliance with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, implying that chemisorption dominates the phosphate uptake process. La-CZ exhibited a stable adsorption capacity over a wide pH range (3–7), while the adsorption capacity decreased slightly under alkaline conditions. Although Nitrates (NO3−) and Carbonate (CO32−) had some effects, normal coexisting ions such as Chloride (Cl−), Sulfate (SO42−), and Fluorine (F−) had no significant effects on the phosphate adsorption capacity of La-CZ. The main form of phosphate removed from the reaction system was HCl-P (77.68%), as determined through phosphorus fractionation. In particular, this study designed a replaceable filler-type reactor integrating a reflux and aeration system, 98.8% of phosphorus could be removed from actual wastewater, and La-CZ could be reclaimed easily. This work provides an excellent reference for particulate adsorbents that can efficiently remove phosphate in practical applications in the future