Potencyand Geneticdiversity of Bali Cattle

Bali cattle are important indigenous cattle due to high population and wide spread in Indonesia. Increasing meat and cattle imports to fulfill the local demand should be able to motivate related parties to improve productivity of Indonesian cattle through good management, including Bali cattle. Several good characteristics are possessed by Bali cattle, particularly the adaptation capability in environment with poor feed quality and they possess good fertility. The government decision to determine Province of Bali is as a protected zone for other cattle breed in order to conserve Bali cattle is very reasonable considering that Indonesia is the gene center of Bali cattle and the first domestication place of Bali cattle . Genetic improvements ofBali cattle have been done at pure breed zone (Province of Bali) through selection and progeny testing at P3Bali and succeeds in obtaining cattle with good Estimated Breeding Value. Elite bulls obtained through the program are expected to be able to entirely improve Bali cattle in Indonesia through Artificial Insemination program. The improvement of genetic quality by crossing with Bos taurus and Bos indicus have been done at livestock sources regions and have been able to produce crossbred having good productivity as final stock. There is tendency to continuously improve the genetic composition ofBos taurus through artificial insemination at farmers level. The ideal genetic composition of crossbred needs to be evaluated to reach optimal genotype composition. Key words: Bali cattle, conservation, genetic improvemen

Outermost Small Islands in Indonesia for Quarantine Area and Livestock Development

Indonesia has about 17,506 islands consisting of large and small islands. Outermost small islands are direct boundary of Indonesia with neighboring countries. These outermost islands have the potency to be used as quarantine area and for livestock development, especially beef cattle in order to support the development of food security of meat. Some of outermost islands are Jemaja island in Riau Province, Singkil island in Aceh Province and Naduk island in Bangka Belitung Province. Criteria to determine quarantine area and livestock development are availability of natural resources (fresh water and forage), free of contagious diseases, human resources, market access, and transportation. This paper describes about the condition and forage availability in those three islands and their surrounding area. Those islands have potential variety of forage with different carrying capacities. Type of grass that has been adapted in the outermost islands are Paspalum conjugatum, Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, Cynodon plectostachyus, and Panicum repens

Differentiation of three sheep breeds which have a genetic relationship by body sizes

Sumatera Composite (SC) sheep and Barbados Black Belly cross (BC) sheep are two sheep that have half the genetics of Sumatera local (SL) sheep. Populations with partially the same genetic composition are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Based on female body size sheep, an analysis was carried out to distinguish the three breed sheep that have genetic relationship. The research was conducted using SC, BC and SL ewe measured in body weight and 8 body sizes. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis, Mahalanobis distance, plotting canonical and dendogram were performed by SAS software ver. 9.0. Body weight and all body sizes of SC and BC sheep were significantly different from SL sheep. Canonical discriminant analysis successfully could differentiate among the three sheep breeds that have genetic relationship. The results of genetic distance estimation showed that SC sheep had genetic closeness to BC sheep compared to SL sheep. The size of the skull length, body weight and chest girth were the breed differentiation variable in this study

Perbandingan Akurasi Penggunaan Data Parsial dan Data Utuh pada Pengamatan Tingkah Laku Domba

Penggunaan rekaman video memiliki beberapa kelebihan untuk pengamatan tingkah laku, namun mempunyai kekurangan pada aspek waktu analisa yang lama sehingga diperlukan penelitian durasi data parsial tingkah laku domba yang dapat dipercaya untuk dapat menggambarkan data utuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan metode pengamatan tingkah laku domba yang mudah, lebih singkat serta akurat dalam menggambarkan tingkah laku domba dari data utuh. Sebanyak 34 ekor domba dewasa jantan dan betina dari lima bangsa domba yang terdiri dari domba Barbados Black Belly Cross (BC), Komposit Garut (KG), Lokal Garut (LG), Komposit Sumatera (KS) dan St. Croix Cross (SC) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sepuluh sifat tingkah laku diamati selama 8 jam dari data rekaman video tingkah laku domba sepanjang hari. Data parsial 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dan 7 jam dari 8 jam pengamatan tersebut digunakan sebagai prediksi data tingkah laku 8 jam. Uji t berpasangan dilakukan untuk membandingkan rataan setiap data parsial dengan data utuh 8 jam dengan PROC TTEST dan untuk melihat keeratan korelasi antara data parsial dengan data utuh dilakukan analisa korelasi dengan PROC CORR dari program SAS ver. 9,0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada kecenderungan semakin lama data parsial yang digunakan maka semakin banyak tingkah laku domba yang dapat diprediksi secara akurat. Data parsial 6 jam tidak berbeda signifikan (P>0,05) dengan data utuh (8 jam) dan mempunyai korelasi yang sangat tinggi (r>0,90). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan data parsial 6 jam paling baik untuk memprediksi data utuh seluruh jenis tingkah laku domba yang diamati

Voice characteristics of some sheep: Utilization to estimation of genetic distance

Sound analysis has been carried out in various activities including identification and differentiation of species as well as the preparation of the taxonomy of some animals’ species because of several advantages, including no need to capture or too close to the subject observed. Analysis of voice used to differentiate and to estimate of breeds’ sheep genetic distance has not been reported. This research was conducted to study the character of a few breeds’ sheep sound and likely to be used as a predictor of genetic distance between breeds of sheep. The study was conducted in the Animal House at Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor.  A total of 20 head adult of five sheeps (St. Croix cross / SC, Barbados Black Belly cross / BC, Local Garut/LG, Composite Garut / KG and Composites Sumatra / KS) used in this study. Call sound recorded using a digital voice recorder. Sound analysis performed by Raven Software Pro 1.3 for Windows to count as many as 24 variables sound. Analysis of variance of each variable sound was performed using PROC GLM of SAS software Ver. 9.0. It used PROC CANDISC for canonical discriminant analysis and then PROC TREE to build a dendogram. The results showed that there were variations in amplitude, energy, power and frequency variables among the five breeds of sheep. By plotting canonical, LG, KS and BC sheep were from a different group. It was concluded that the sound characteristics variables which can be used as a differentiator breeds of sheep were the third quartile frequency, center frequency, maximum frequency and the first quartile time. Dendogram showed that KG sheep was in the less accurate group. Genetic distance estimation method using voice characteristic data may be applied on sheep. Key Words: Characteristics, Call Voice, Differentiation, Genetic Distance, Shee

Supplementation of molasses and branched-chain amino acid to increase in vitro digestibility of ammoniated corn cob in ruminants feed

Corn cob contains high fiber and lignin which causes low nutritive value. The objective of the study was to improve the digestibility of ammoniated corn cob (CC) by supplementation of molasses and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA: valine, leucine and isoleucine). CC was processed by addition 3% urea. The first stage of in vitro test was done with 4 levels of molases 0, 5, 10 and 15% of dry matter (DM) of CC. The experiment was carried out using complete randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The second stage was also in vitro study of supplementation of two levels each for valine = V, leucine = L and isoleucine = I namely 0.1 and 0.2% of DM of ammoniated CC. There were 8 treatments combination of the BCAA as follow: A = V0.1 L0.1 I0.1; E = V0.2 L0.1 I0.1; B = V0.1 L0.1 I0.2; F = V0.2 L0.1 I0.2; C = V0.1 L0.2 I0.1; G = V0.2 L0.2 I0.1; D = V0.1 L0.2 I0.2; H = V0.2 L0.2 I0.2 and 1 control (V0.0 L0.0 I0.0). The experiments were done using completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that treated CC with urea was able to increase protein content by 78% (increased from 3.34% to 5.95%) while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased by 15.4%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 7.9% and lignin 16.7%. Addition of molasses in ammoniated CC increased DM digestibility (P 0.05) by 7.5% (41.9 vs 43.51-46.26%) and NDF by 17.7% (38.41 vs 43.76 – 46.31%). Supplementation of BCAA resulted in the highest DM, OM and NDF digestibility (P 0.05) in the treatment of A, C, D and G. Compare to treament I, the digestibility of DM, OM and NDF in G treatment increased by 31.4%, 27.5% and 36.5%, respectively and produced the highest total population of rumen bacterial of 12.4 x 109 colonies /ml. It can be concluded that the digestibility of ammoniated CC increased by the supplementation of 5% molases and BCAA combination consisted of 0.2% valine, 0.2% leucine and 0.1% isoleucine. Kata kunci: Tongkol jagung, amoniasi, molases, asam amino bercabang

Differentiation of three sheep breeds which have a genetic relationship by body sizes

Sumatera Composite (SC) sheep and Barbados Black Belly cross (BC) sheep are two sheep that have half the genetics of Sumatera local (SL) sheep. Populations with partially the same genetic composition are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Based on female body size sheep, an analysis was carried out to distinguish the three breed sheep that have genetic relationship. The research was conducted using SC, BC and SL ewe measured in body weight and 8 body sizes. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis, Mahalanobis distance, plotting canonical and dendogram were performed by SAS software ver. 9.0. Body weight and all body sizes of SC and BC sheep were significantly different from SL sheep. Canonical discriminant analysis successfully could differentiate among the three sheep breeds that have genetic relationship. The results of genetic distance estimation showed that SC sheep had genetic closeness to BC sheep compared to SL sheep. The size of the skull length, body weight and chest girth were the breed differentiation variable in this study

Performances of composite genotype resulting from crossingbetween local sumatera and hair sheep under confinement condition

Under semi-intensive conditions, the composite genotype (K) (25% Barbados Blackbelly; BB, 25% St. Croix; SC, 50% Sumatra Thin Tail; DETS) showed relatively have similar weaning weight as compared to other contemporary crossbred, therefore under intensive conditions (confined), they are expected to have better performances. The objective of the study are to find performances of the second generation composite genotype lambs and the first generation performances of the ewes, as well as several genetics parameters under intensive conditions, and compared to the Barbados Blackbelly Cross (BC) as contemporary crossbred. The growth of pre- and post-weaning of BB crossbred (BC) and the second generation of composite genotype (K-F2) are relatively the same. Growth curve using Von Bertalanffy model with the equation of Wt (t) = A*(1-B*e**(- K*t)), show that the equation for BC is Wt (t) = 26.8(1-0.92e**(-0.01t) and for K-F2 is Wt(t) = 26.1(1-0.92e**(-0.01t). This equation indicate that the growth of BC and K-F2 is not significantly different. The BC and K-F2 genotype reach maturity at the weight of 26.8 and 26.1 kg, respectively, and both with rate of reaching maturity of 0.01. Mating weight and weight at lambing of those two genotypes are around 29 - 30 kg dan 31 kg, respectively. The mean of litter size of BC and K-F1 are 1.52 and 1.48, respectively or around 1.5. The average litter size at weaning are 1.39 and 1.34, respectively for BC and K-F1. This means that pre-weaning mortality are around 5.37 and 9.76%, respectively for BC and K-F1. The lambing interval of BC and K-F1 are 211 and 223 days, or 0.58 and 0.61 year, respectively. Therefore the reproductive rate (RR) of the respective genotype are 1.39/0.58 = 2.39 and 1.34/0.61 = 2.19, respectively. The average of litter weight at weaning (LWW) of BC x BC, SC crossbred (HC) x BC and K-F1 x K-F1 are 11.62, 12.60 and 11.83 kg, respectively. Therefore based on the ewe genotype the LWW of BC and K-F1 are 11.74 and 11.83 kg, respectively. Flock productivity (FP) for those two genotypes per year are 20.24 and 19.39 kg, respectively for BC and K-F1. Dam productivity index (DPI) that calculated as /ewe weight for those two genotypes are 0.67 and 0.66, respectively for BC and K-F1. Meanwhile, the flock efficiency index (FEI) that calculated as FEI = FP/ewe weight0.75 for the respective genotypes are 1.57 and 1.54 for BC and K-F1. The estimates of repeatability of litter weight at weaning show relatively low value (0,092), therefore the estimate of MPPA (Most Probable Producing Ability) for predicting the future productivity is relatively the same. The estimate of MPPA for litter weight at weaning (LWW) for the respective genotype are 11.79 and 11.81 kg, respectively for BC and K-F1. Results of the study show that performances of composite genotypes (F) and the contemporary crossbred (BC) are relatively similar in the traits of growth, dam productivity and the estimate of MPPA

Behaviour and production traits correlation of five breeds of sheep

Information about correlations among behavioral traits and production traits may facilitate using easily measured traits to be used as alternative criteria for indirect selection to improve other traits in sheep. The purpose of this study was to estimate correlations among behavioral and production traits of five breeds of sheep. A total of 128 head of weaned lambs and 168 ewes with nursing lambs of five breeds were used in this study, i.e. Barbados Black Belly Cross (BC), Composite Garut (KG), Local Garut (LG), Composite Sumatra (KS) and St. Croix Cross (SC). Temperament was assessed in a test arena, for subsequent association with growth rate and ewe productivity. Analysis of variance of production and behavioral traits among breeds was carried out using PROC GLM of SAS software Ver. 9.0. PROCCORR was used to estimate correlations among production and behavioral variables. Weaned lambs that were more docile towards the observer had higher daily gains. Ewes that bleated more frequently when separated from their lamb had higher lamb weaning weights and lamb survival than ewes bleating fewer times under the same conditions. In BC ewes, a positive correlation was observed between frequency of bleats and lamb survival

Performances of composite genotype resulting from crossingbetween local sumatera and hair sheep under confinement condition

Under semi-intensive conditions, the composite genotype (K) (25% Barbados Blackbelly; BB, 25% St. Croix; SC, 50% Sumatra Thin Tail; DETS) showed relatively have similar weaning weight as compared to other contemporary crossbred, therefore under intensive conditions (confined), they are expected to have better performances. The objective of the study are to find performances of the second generation composite genotype lambs and the first generation performances of the ewes, as well as several genetics parameters under intensive conditions, and compared to the Barbados Blackbelly Cross (BC) as contemporary crossbred. The growth of pre- and post-weaning of BB crossbred (BC) and the second generation of composite genotype (K-F2) are relatively the same. Growth curve using Von Bertalanffy model with the equation of Wt (t) = A*(1-B*e**(- K*t)), show that the equation for BC is Wt (t) = 26.8(1-0.92e**(-0.01t) and for K-F2 is Wt(t) = 26.1(1-0.92e**(-0.01t). This equation indicate that the growth of BC and K-F2 is not significantly different. The BC and K-F2 genotype reach maturity at the weight of 26.8 and 26.1 kg, respectively, and both with rate of reaching maturity of 0.01. Mating weight and weight at lambing of those two genotypes are around 29 - 30 kg dan 31 kg, respectively. The mean of litter size of BC and K-F1 are 1.52 and 1.48, respectively or around 1.5. The average litter size at weaning are 1.39 and 1.34, respectively for BC and K-F1. This means that pre-weaning mortality are around 5.37 and 9.76%, respectively for BC and K-F1. The lambing interval of BC and K-F1 are 211 and 223 days, or 0.58 and 0.61 year, respectively. Therefore the reproductive rate (RR) of the respective genotype are 1.39/0.58 = 2.39 and 1.34/0.61 = 2.19, respectively. The average of litter weight at weaning (LWW) of BC x BC, SC crossbred (HC) x BC and K-F1 x K-F1 are 11.62, 12.60 and 11.83 kg, respectively. Therefore based on the ewe genotype the LWW of BC and K-F1 are 11.74 and 11.83 kg, respectively. Flock productivity (FP) for those two genotypes per year are 20.24 and 19.39 kg, respectively for BC and K-F1. Dam productivity index (DPI) that calculated as /ewe weight for those two genotypes are 0.67 and 0.66, respectively for BC and K-F1. Meanwhile, the flock efficiency index (FEI) that calculated as FEI = FP/ewe weight0.75 for the respective genotypes are 1.57 and 1.54 for BC and K-F1. The estimates of repeatability of litter weight at weaning show relatively low value (0,092), therefore the estimate of MPPA (Most Probable Producing Ability) for predicting the future productivity is relatively the same. The estimate of MPPA for litter weight at weaning (LWW) for the respective genotype are 11.79 and 11.81 kg, respectively for BC and K-F1. Results of the study show that performances of composite genotypes (F) and the contemporary crossbred (BC) are relatively similar in the traits of growth, dam productivity and the estimate of MPPA.   Key words : Composite sheep, performance of production and reproduction, intensif conditio