16 research outputs found

    Frottement statique aux interfaces fractales

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    International audienceTribological phenomena are governed by combined effects of material properties, topology and surface-chemistry. We study the interplay of multiscale-surface-structures with molecular-scale interactions towards interpreting static frictional interactions at fractal interfaces. By spline-assisted-discretization we analyse asperity interactions in pairs of contacting fractal surface profiles. For elastically deforming asperities, force analysis reveals greater friction at surfaces exhibiting higher fractality, with increasing molecular-scale friction amplifying this trend. Increasing adhesive strength yields higher overall friction at surfaces of lower fractality owing to greater true-contact-area. In systems where adhesive-type interactions play an important role, such as those where cold-welded junctions form, friction is minimised at an intermediate value of surface profile fractality found here to be in the regime 1.3-1.5. Our results have implications for systems exhibiting evolving surface structures.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.09.016Les phĂ©nomĂšnes tribologiques sont rĂ©gis par les effets combinĂ©s des propriĂ©tĂ©s des matĂ©riaux, de la topologie et de la chimie des surfaces. Nous Ă©tudions l’interaction des structures de surface multi-Ă©chelles avec les interactions Ă  l’échelle molĂ©culaire pour interprĂ©ter les interactions frictionnelles statiques aux interfaces fractales. Par discrĂ©tisation assistĂ©e par spline, nous analysons les interactions d’asperitĂ© par paires de profils de surface fractale en contact. Pour les aspĂ©ritĂ©s se dĂ©formant Ă©lastiquement, l'analyse de la force rĂ©vĂšle un frottement plus important sur les surfaces prĂ©sentant une fractalitĂ© plus Ă©levĂ©e, le frottement croissant Ă  l'Ă©chelle molĂ©culaire amplifiant cette tendance. L'augmentation de la force adhĂ©sive engendre un frottement global plus Ă©levĂ© sur les surfaces de fractalitĂ© infĂ©rieure en raison d'une plus grande surface de contact. Dans les systĂšmes oĂč les interactions de type adhĂ©sif jouent un rĂŽle important, tels que ceux oĂč se forment des jonctions soudĂ©es Ă  froid, le frottement est minimisĂ© Ă  une valeur intermĂ©diaire de la fractalitĂ© du profil de surface qui se situe autour de 1,3–1,5. Les rĂ©sultats ont des implications pour les systĂšmes prĂ©sentant des structures de surface en Ă©volution.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.09.01

    Les effets du dopage au cuivre sur l'activité photocatalytique sur les plans (101) d'anatase TiO2: une étude théorique

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    International audienceCopper dopants are varyingly reported to enhance photocatalytic activity at titanium dioxide surfaces through uncertain mechanisms. In order to interpret how copper doping might alter the performance of titanium dioxide photocatalysts in aqueous media we applied density functional theory methods to simulate surface units of doped anatase (101) planes. By including van der Waals interactions, we consider the energetics of adsorbed water at anatase surfaces in pristine and copper doped systems. Simulation results indicate that copper dopant at anatase (101) surfaces is most stable in a 2+ oxidation state and a disperse configuration, suggesting the formation of secondary CuO phases is energetically unfavourable. In agreement with previous reports, water at the studied surface is predicted to exhibit molecular adsorption with this tendency slightly enhanced by copper. Results imply that the enhancement of photoactivity at anatase surfaces through Cu doping is more likely to arise from electronic interactions mediated by charge transfer and inter-bandgap states increasing photoexcitation and extending surface-hole lifetimes rather than through the increased density of adsorbed hydroxyl groups.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.178Il a Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ© que les dopants au cuivre amĂ©lioraient l'activitĂ© photocatalytique Ă  la surface du dioxyde de titane par le biais de mĂ©canismes incertains. Afin d’interprĂ©ter la façon dont le dopage au cuivre pourrait altĂ©rer les performances des photocatalyseurs en dioxyde de titane en milieu aqueux, nous avons appliquĂ© des mĂ©thodes de thĂ©orie de la densitĂ© fonctionnelle pour simuler des unitĂ©s de surface de plans anatase (101) dopĂ©s. En incluant les interactions de van der Waals, nous considĂ©rons l’énergĂ©tique de l’eau adsorbĂ©e aux surfaces anatases dans les systĂšmes vierges et dopĂ©s au cuivre. Les rĂ©sultats de la simulation indiquent que le dopant au cuivre Ă  la surface de l'anatase (101) est le plus stable dans un Ă©tat d'oxydation 2+ et dans une configuration dispersĂ©e, ce qui suggĂšre que la formation de phases secondaires de CuO est Ă©nergĂ©tiquement dĂ©favorable. En accord avec les rapports prĂ©cĂ©dents, il est prĂ©vu que l'eau prĂ©sente Ă  la surface Ă©tudiĂ©e prĂ©sente une adsorption molĂ©culaire avec cette tendance lĂ©gĂšrement renforcĂ©e par le cuivre. Les rĂ©sultats impliquent que l'amĂ©lioration de la photoactivitĂ© sur les surfaces de l'anatase par le dopage au Cu est plus susceptible de rĂ©sulter d'interactions Ă©lectroniques induites par le transfert de charge et les Ă©tats inter-bandes interdites augmentant la photoexcitation et allongeant la durĂ©e de vie des trous de surface plutĂŽt que par la densitĂ© accrue de groupes hydroxyles adsorbĂ©s.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.17

    Réglage de la pénétration capillaire dans les milieux poreux: combinaison des effets géométriques et d'évaporation

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    International audienceCapillary penetration of liquids in porous media is of great importance in many applications and the ability to tune such penetration processes is increasingly sought after. In general, liquid penetration can be retarded or restricted by the evaporation of volatile liquid at the surface of the porous media. Moreover, when capillary penetration occurs in a porous layer with non-uniform cross section, the penetration process can be accelerated or impeded by adjusting the section geometry. In this work, on the basis of Darcy's Law and mass conservation, a theoretical model of capillary penetration combining evaporation effects in two-dimensional homogeneous porous media of varying cross-section is developed and further examined by numerical simulations. The effects of sample geometry and liquid evaporation on capillary penetration are quantitatively analyzed. Results show that the penetration velocity is sensitive to the geometry of the porous layer, and can be tuned by varying the evaporation rate for a given geometry. Under given evaporation conditions, penetration is restricted to a limited region with a predictable boundary. Furthermore, we find that the inhibition of liquid penetration by evaporation can be offset by varying the geometry of the porous layer. In addition, the theoretical model is further extended to model the capillary flow in three-dimensional porous media, and the interplay of geometry and evaporation during the capillary flow process in 3D conditions is also investigated. The results obtained can be used for facilitating the design of porous structures, achieving tunable capillary penetration for practical applications in various fields.La pĂ©nĂ©tration capillaire de liquides dans des milieux poreux revĂȘt une grande importance dans de nombreuses applications et la capacitĂ© de rĂ©glage de tels processus de pĂ©nĂ©tration est de plus en plus recherchĂ©e. En gĂ©nĂ©ral, la pĂ©nĂ©tration de liquide peut ĂȘtre retardĂ©e ou limitĂ©e par l'Ă©vaporation de liquide volatil Ă  la surface du support poreux. De plus, lorsque la pĂ©nĂ©tration capillaire se produit dans une couche poreuse de section transversale non uniforme, le processus de pĂ©nĂ©tration peut ĂȘtre accĂ©lĂ©rĂ© ou empĂȘchĂ© en ajustant la gĂ©omĂ©trie de la section. Dans ce travail, sur la base de la loi de Darcy et de la conservation de masse, un modĂšle thĂ©orique de pĂ©nĂ©tration capillaire combinant les effets d'Ă©vaporation dans des milieux poreux homogĂšnes Ă  deux dimensions de sections diffĂ©rentes est dĂ©veloppĂ© et examinĂ© plus en dĂ©tail par des simulations numĂ©riques. Les effets de la gĂ©omĂ©trie de l'Ă©chantillon et de l'Ă©vaporation du liquide sur la pĂ©nĂ©tration capillaire sont analysĂ©s de maniĂšre quantitative. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que la vitesse de pĂ©nĂ©tration est sensible Ă  la gĂ©omĂ©trie de la couche poreuse et peut ĂȘtre ajustĂ©e en faisant varier le taux d'Ă©vaporation pour une gĂ©omĂ©trie donnĂ©e. Dans des conditions d'Ă©vaporation donnĂ©es, la pĂ©nĂ©tration est limitĂ©e Ă  une rĂ©gion limitĂ©e avec une limite prĂ©visible. En outre, nous trouvons que l'inhibition de la pĂ©nĂ©tration du liquide par Ă©vaporation peut ĂȘtre compensĂ©e en faisant varier la gĂ©omĂ©trie de la couche poreuse. En outre, le modĂšle thĂ©orique est Ă©largi pour modĂ©liser l'Ă©coulement capillaire dans des milieux poreux tridimensionnels, et les interactions entre la gĂ©omĂ©trie et l'Ă©vaporation pendant le processus d'Ă©coulement capillaire dans des conditions 3D sont Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s pour faciliter la conception de structures poreuses, en rĂ©alisant une pĂ©nĂ©tration capillaire ajustable pour des applications pratiques dans divers domaines

    Une solution semi-analytique améliorée pour le stress aux encoches arrondies

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    International audienceIn order to investigate the brittle failure of keyhole notched components, the stress distribution at notch tips is studied numerically and theoretically. A semi-analytical formula is developed for the maximum notch-tip-stress, incorporating crack-tip-blunting, stress-concentration and stress-equilibrium. Stress distributions in notched plates are simulated by the finite-element method, showing improved accuracy of the formula relative to established solutions. Application of the developed equation to components containing U-notches and blunt V-notches, is explored, demonstrating its broad applicability. When combined with stress-based failure criteria, the semi-analytical model can be employed to assess brittle failure in notched components with significance toward fracture in heterogeneous materials.Afin d’étudier la dĂ©faillance fragile des composants Ă  encoche en trou de serrure, la rĂ©partition des contraintes aux extrĂ©mitĂ©s des entailles est Ă©tudiĂ©e numĂ©riquement et thĂ©oriquement. Une formule semi-analytique est Ă©laborĂ©e pour la contrainte maximale en pointe, intĂ©grant l’attĂ©nuation des fissures, la concentration en contrainte et l’équilibre en contrainte. Les distributions de contraintes dans les plaques Ă  encoches sont simulĂ©es par la mĂ©thode des Ă©lĂ©ments finis, ce qui montre une prĂ©cision amĂ©liorĂ©e de la formule par rapport aux solutions Ă©tablies. L’application de l’équation dĂ©veloppĂ©e aux composants contenant des encoches en U et des encoches en V contondantes est explorĂ©e, dĂ©montrant ainsi sa large applicabilitĂ©. Lorsqu'il est combinĂ© Ă  des critĂšres de rupture fondĂ©s sur des contraintes, le modĂšle semi-analytique peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour Ă©valuer la dĂ©faillance fragile de composants entaillĂ©s prĂ©sentant une importance significative pour la rupture dans des matĂ©riaux hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes

    Two-dimensional modeling of the self-limiting oxidation in silicon and tungsten nanowires

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    AbstractSelf-limiting oxidation of nanowires has been previously described as a reaction- or diffusion-controlled process. In this letter, the concept of finite reactive region is introduced into a diffusion-controlled model, based upon which a two-dimensional cylindrical kinetics model is developed for the oxidation of silicon nanowires and is extended for tungsten. In the model, diffusivity is affected by the expansive oxidation reaction induced stress. The dependency of the oxidation upon curvature and temperature is modeled. Good agreement between the model predictions and available experimental data is obtained. The developed model serves to quantify the oxidation in two-dimensional nanostructures and is expected to facilitate their fabrication via thermal oxidation techniques

    Enhancement of Hydroxyapatite Dissolution through Krypton Ion Irradiation

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    International audienceHydroxyapatite (HA) synthesized by a wet chemical route was subjected to heavy ion irradiation, using 4 MeV Krypton ions (Kr 17+) with ion fluence ranging from 1×10 13 to 1×10 15 ions/cm 2. Glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) results confirmed the phase purity of irradiated HA with a moderate contraction in lattice parameters, and further indicated irradiation-induced structural disorder, evident by a broadening of diffraction peaks. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations indicated that the applied Kr irradiation induced significant damage in the hydroxyapatite lattice. Specifically, cavities were observed with their diameter and density varying with irradiation fluences while a radiation-induced crystalline-to-amorphous transition with increasing ion dose was identified. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis further indicated the presence of irradiation-induced defects. Compositional analysis of pristine and irradiated materials following immersion in Tris (pH 7.4, 37℃) buffer showed that dissolution in vitro was enhanced by irradiation, reaching a peak for 0.1dpa. We examined the effects of irradiation on the early stages of the mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E) response. A cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8 test) was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity of samples, and viable cells can be observed on the irradiated materials.L'hydroxyapatite (HA) synthĂ©tisĂ©e par voie chimique a Ă©tĂ© soumise Ă  une irradiation ionique lourde, en utilisant des ions Krypton 4 MeV (Kr 17+) avec une fluence ionique allant de 1 × 10 13 Ă  1 × 10 15 ions / cm 2. Incidence du regard X- Les rĂ©sultats de la diffraction des rayons (GIXRD) ont confirmĂ© la puretĂ© de phase de l'AH irradiĂ© avec une contraction modĂ©rĂ©e des paramĂštres du rĂ©seau et ont en outre indiquĂ© un trouble structurel induit par l'irradiation, Ă©vident par un Ă©largissement des pics de diffraction. Des observations en microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  transmission Ă  haute rĂ©solution (HRTEM) ont indiquĂ© que l'irradiation au Kr appliquĂ©e a induit des dommages importants dans le rĂ©seau d'hydroxyapatite. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, des cavitĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es avec leur diamĂštre et leur densitĂ© variant avec les fluences d'irradiation tandis qu'une transition cristalline-amorphe induite par le rayonnement avec une dose ionique croissante a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e. L'analyse par spectroscopie photoĂ©lectronique Raman et X (XPS) a en outre indiquĂ© la prĂ©sence de dĂ©fauts induits par l'irradiation. L'analyse de la composition des matĂ©riaux vierges et irradiĂ©s aprĂšs immersion dans du tampon Tris (pH 7,4, 37 ℃) a montrĂ© que la dissolution in vitro Ă©tait amĂ©liorĂ©e par irradiation, atteignant un pic de 0,1 dpa. Nous avons examinĂ© les effets de l'irradiation sur les premiers stades de la rĂ©ponse des cellules de type ostĂ©oblaste de souris (MC3T3-E). Un test de comptage de cellules kit 8 (test CCK-8) a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© pour Ă©tudier la cytotoxicitĂ© des Ă©chantillons, et des cellules viables peuvent ĂȘtre observĂ©es sur les matĂ©riaux irradiĂ©s

    Aperçu nanostructural du comportement en dissolution de l'hydroxyapatite dopée au Sr

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    International audienceIn this study, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was employed to characterize the nanostructure of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) and its evolution following in vitro immersion in physiological solutions. HRTEM images showed that the substitution of Sr induced local distortions in the hydroxyapatite (HA) lattice: minor levels of edge dislocations were detected at low doping contents of Sr ions (1 at %); when the Sr content exceeded 10 at%, the density of grain boundaries increased notably and triple junctions were clearly observed. The dissolution of undoped HA was initiated at crystallite surfaces, whereas the dissolution of Sr-HA started around grain boundaries. Acicular nanocrystal reprecipitation was observed on grain surfaces immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF), while not in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). These findings suggest appropriate levels of Sr incorporation can introduce imperfections in the crystal structure of apatite and thus enhance its dissolution rate towards enhanced physicochemical performance in biomedical applicationshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.056Dans cette Ă©tude, la microscopie Ă©lectronique Ă  transmission Ă  haute rĂ©solution (HRTEM) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour caractĂ©riser la nanostructure de l'hydroxyapatite substituĂ©e au strontium (Sr-HA) et son Ă©volution aprĂšs immersion in vitro dans des solutions physiologiques. Les images HRTEM ont montrĂ© que la substitution des distorsions locales induites par le Sr dans le rĂ©seau d'hydroxyapatite (HA): des niveaux mineurs de dislocations de bords ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s Ă  de faibles teneurs en dopage d'ions Sr (1 at%); lorsque la teneur en Sr dĂ©passait 10% at%, la densitĂ© des joints de grains augmentait de maniĂšre notable et des triple jonctions Ă©taient clairement observĂ©es. La dissolution de l'HA non dopĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ©e au niveau des surfaces de cristallites, alors que la dissolution de Sr-HA a commencĂ© autour des joints de grains. Une reprĂ©cipitation aciculaire de nanocristaux a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e sur des surfaces de grains immergĂ©es dans un fluide corporel simulĂ© (SBF), mais non dans de l'acide chlorhydrique diluĂ© (HCl). Ces dĂ©couvertes suggĂšrent que des niveaux appropriĂ©s d’incorporation de Sr peuvent introduire des imperfections dans la structure cristalline de l’apatite et ainsi augmenter sa vitesse de dissolution afin d’amĂ©liorer les performances physicochimiques dans les applications biomĂ©dicales.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.07.05

    High performing additively manufactured bone scaffolds based on copper substituted diopside

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    The inclusion of small amounts of copper is often reported to enhance the mechanical and biointegrative performance of bioceramics towards tissue engineering applications. In this work, 3D scaffolds were additively manufactured by robocasting of precipitation derived copper doped diopside. Compositions were chosen in which magnesium sites in diopside were substituted by copper up to 3 at.%. Microstructure, mechanical performance, bioactivity, biodegradability, drug release, biocompatibility, in vitro angiogenesis and antibacterial activity were studied. Results indicate that copper is incorporated in the diopside structure and improves materials’ fracture toughness. Scaffolds with > 80% porosity exhibited compressive strengths exceeding that of cancellous bone. All compositions showed bioactivity and drug release functionalities. However, only samples with 0–1 at.% copper substitution showed favorable proliferation of osteogenic sarcoma cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fibroblasts, while larger amounts of copper had cytotoxic behavior. In vitro angiogenesis was significantly enhanced by low levels of copper. Copper-containing materials showed anti-Escherichia coli activity, increasing with copper content. We show that across multiple indicators, copper substituted diopside of the composition CaMg0.99Cu0.01Si2O6, exhibits high performance as a synthetic bone substitute, comparing favorably with known bioceramics. These findings present a pathway for the enhancement of bioactivity and mechanical performance in printable bioceramics

    Abnormal grain growth of rutile TiO 2 induced by ZrSiO 4

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    Abnormalgraingrowth (AGG) was observed in rutile TiO2 formed by the thermal treatment of anatase TiO2 in the presence of zirconium silicate. This morphological behaviour was seen to occur in sintered powder compacts and thin films with solid state zircon dopants and in TiO2 coatings on grains of zircon sand. In order to clarify the mechanism of AGG in this system, various doping methods were employed and the morphological consequences of these doping methods were investigated. It was found that doping by Zr and Si does not give rise to abnormalgraingrowth. The observed phenomena were discussed in terms of morphological and energetic considerations. It is likely that a distinct orientation relationship between rutile TiO2 and ZrSiO4 and possible grain boundary liquid formation play a role in giving rise to the rapid growth of faceted prismatic rutil

    Abnormal grain growth of rutile TiO2 induced by ZrSiO4

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    Abnormal grain growth (AGG) was observed in rutile TiO2 formed by the thermal treatment of anatase TiO2 in the presence of zirconium silicate. This morphological behaviour was seen to occur in sintered powder compacts and thin films with solid state zircon dopants and in TiO2 coatings on grains of zircon sand. In order to clarify the mechanism of AGG in this system, various doping methods were employed and the morphological consequences of these doping methods were investigated. It was found that doping by Zr and Si does not give rise to abnormal grain growth. The observed phenomena were discussed in terms of morphological and energetic considerations. It is likely that a distinct orientation relationship between rutile TiO2 and ZrSiO4 and possible grain boundary liquid formation play a role in giving rise to the rapid growth of faceted prismatic rutile
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