8 research outputs found

    Analyse et conception d'une micropompe pour des applications à très faible pression

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    Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons une nouvelle architecture d’une micropompe pneumatique à valves autoactionnées. Une modélisation par éléments finis de la micropompe est également présentée ainsi que sa fabrication et sa caractérisation. Le débit théorique minimal de la micropompe est de 9 µL/min pour une pression externe d’actionnement égale à 1500 Pa. La fréquence de déformation imposée à la membrane est de 1,25 Hz et la déformation maximale observée de cette dernière est égale à 3,66 µm. On note aussi que la modélisation par la méthode des éléments finis montre clairement une conservation de débit entre les phases d’admission et de refoulement égal à 99,99 %, cette conservation de débit a été validée aussi expérimentalement. La fabrication de la micropompe s’est faite à travers deux procédures : un moulage manuel pour les microvalves avec des chambres cylindrique et cubiques dont les dimensions externes sont de 8 mm x 12 mm x 6 mm avec des membranes de 20 µm d’épaisseur, fabriquées en Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Un nouveau procédé d’impression à base de sucre, en collaboration avec le département de mécanique, a été aussi utilisé. Ce dernier se résume dans l’impression 3D d’un moule temporaire en sucre vitrifié. Les chambres d’actionnement de la micropompe sont de forme cylindrique avec un diamètre de 4 mm et une hauteur de 1 mm. La chambre de pompage est aussi cylindrique avec le même diamètre, mais avec une hauteur 0,5 mm. L’épaisseur des membranes de pompage est de 250 μm. En utilisant ce procédé, tout le système de pompage excluant les microvalves est fabriqué en un seul bloc afin d’éliminer toute fuite et minimiser l’encombrement du système. Les dimensions externes de la micropompe sont 20 mm x 20 mm x 10 mm. Les résultats de caractérisation de la micropompe consistent le débit minimal qu’on a pu générer qui est égale à 7 µL/min avec une puissance électrique consommée par le système de 114 mW. Enfin, les microvalves peuvent supporter une contre-pression jusqu’à 13 psi. Une interface graphique pour contrôler l’actionneur de la micropompe à l’aide d’un FPGA a aussi été développée.In this project, a new architecture of an air-driven micropump prototype with self-actuating microvalves is presented. A finite element model is also presented. Fabrication and characterization of the system and the electronic control of the micro-pump was also introduced. The designed micropump was able to generate a flow rate of 9 µL/min. Pumping pressure was 1500 Pa. Frequency of membrane deformation was 1.25 Hz and its maximum deformation was 3.66 µm. Finite element modeling shows that the flow rate ratio between the admission and delivery phase was 99.99 %. Fabrication of the micropump was achieved through two processes. First, a manual molding for microvalves with cylindrical and cubic chambers whose external dimensions was 8 mm x 12 mm x 6 mm and actuation membrane thickness of 20 µm. The entire system, including the membrane, was made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Second, in collaboration with the department of mechanical engineering, a new printing process based on sugar glass was also used. The latter is based on the 3D printing of a sugar mold. The mold is dissolved after the pouring and curing of PDMS. The actuating chambers of the micropump wetre cylindrical with a diameter of 4 mm and a height of 1 mm. The pumping chamber was also cylindrical with the same diameter but with a height of 0.5 mm. The thickness of the pumping membranes was 250 µm. Through this process, the entire pumping system (expect microvalves) were fabricated as a one block to eliminate leakage and reduce system dimensions. The external dimensions of the micropump was 20 mm x 20 mm x 10 mm. Experimental results of the micro-pump showed that the flow rate that can be generated is 7 µL/min. The electrical power consumption of the system was 114 mW. Finally, the microvalve can resist to a back pressure up to 13 psi. A graphical interface to control the actuation part of the micropump using an FPGA has also been developed

    Nouvelle technique d'optimisation de la détection moléculaire à base d'un spectromètre microscope-FTIR

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    L'identification et la quantification des espèces transmise aux cellules nerveuses lors des échanges moléculaires entre les neurones sous la forme de neurotransmetteurs nous permettent de mieux comprendre certains fonctionnements du cerveau et certaines maladies neurodégénératives. À son tour, cette compréhension nous permettrait à long terme d'améliorer la qualité de vie des patients souffrants de ces maladies. D'un autre côté, la composition des aliments sous la forme de valeurs nutritionnelles nous permet de mieux connaître l'effet de la consommation de ces aliments sur la santé afin d'éviter de graves complications. De plus, la connaissance de cette composition nous permet d'améliorer la qualité de ces produits. Pour extraire la composition et la concentration des neurotransmetteurs dans le cerveau ou les valeurs nutritionnelles des aliments, il faut développer des outils d'analyse chimique et moléculaire très précise et sélective. L'analyse chimique d'un échantillon biologique nécessite deux étapes : (1) l'échantillonnage du liquide biologique et (2) l'étude de la composition de l'échantillon. Cette dernière étape consiste à identifier/quantifier la composition moléculaire des échantillons et à caractériser les propriétés chimiques de ces derniers. Cette étape nécessite donc le développement des instruments et des algorithmes de détection moléculaire avancés qui permettent de déterminer les concentrations physiologiques des neurotransmetteurs et d'autres molécules biologiques. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux neurotransmetteurs suivants : dopamine hydrochloride, acide L-ascorbique, acétylcholine chloride, y-aminobutyrique, glycine et acide L-glutamique et aux molécules de sucre, incluant le glucose, le fructose et le saccharose. Le choix de l'instrument à utiliser dépend de plusieurs critères, dont les caractéristiques de l'échantillon (viscosité, volume parmi d'autres). Dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat, nous examinons les performances de plusieurs méthodes et instruments de détection, soit l'électrochimie, la spectroscopie d'impédance et la spectroscopie UV/Visible et infrarouge (IR), pour la détection de différents types de molécules dans des échantillons aqueux. Par la suite, nous proposons une nouvelle approche d'analyse des échantillons aqueux basée sur la spectroscopie IR. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au spectromètre microscope-FTIR qui nous permet d'effectuer des analyses spectroscopiques IR et de visualiser la distribution spatiale et moléculaire dans l'échantillon. Cependant, le spectromètre microscope-FTIR, dans sa configuration standard, ne permet pas l'analyse des échantillons aqueux à cause de la forte absorption des rayonnements IR par les molécules d'eau. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons proposé un nouveau système microfluidique de contrôle et de manipulation des liquides qui a été intégré au spectromètre microscope-FTIR pour analyser des échantillons aqueux. Le nouveau système proposé consiste en un module de réflexion, une couche hydrophobe et un module microfluidique. Le module de réflexion est maintenu à une température élevée pour l'évaporation rapide du solvant. La couche hydrophobe permet à son tour de confiner l'échantillon en un espace restreint pour avoir une distribution plus uniforme des molécules sur la surface du substrat. Ce nouveau système nous a permis d'identifier et de quantifier différents types de molécules tels que les neurotransmetteurs et les molécules de sucres, dont le glucose, le fructose et le saccharose. La limite de détection que nous avons pu atteindre avec notre système est de 10 µMolaire pour les neurotransmetteurs, de 3 mMolaire pour le glucose et le fructose et de 1 mMolaire pour le saccharose. En plus, nous avons proposé un nouvel algorithme pour une identification automatique des neurotransmetteurs par le microscope FTIR. À travers cet algorithme, nous avons pu identifier, dans des solutions synthétiques (homogènes et hétérogènes), les six neurotransmetteurs suivants : la dopamine hydrochloride, l'acide L-ascorbique, l'acétylcholine chloride, l'y-aminobutyrique, la glycine et l'acide L-glutamique. La précision de la détection du nouvel algorithme est de 75% à 100% pour les six neurotransmetteurs que nous avons étudiés dans 36 échantillons homogènes et 45 échantillons hétérogènes.The identification and quantification of species transmitted/received by nerve during molecular exchanges between neurons in the form of neurotransmitters allow us to better understand certain brain functions and certain neurodegenerative diseases. This understanding helps us in the long term to improve the quality of life of patients suffering from these diseases. Also, the composition of foods and their nutritional values, allows us to better understand the effect of foods consumption on human health to avoid severe complications and to improve food quality. To extract the composition and concentration of neurotransmitters in the brain and concentration of sugar for example in foods, it is necessary to develop very precise and selective chemical and molecular analysis tools. Indeed, chemical analysis of a biological sample requires two steps: (1) sampling the biological fluid and (2) studying the composition of the sample. The second step consists of identifying / quantifying the molecular composition of the samples and characterizing the its chemical properties. Therefore, this step requires the development of advanced molecular detection instruments and algorithms that make it possible to determine the physiological concentrations of neurotransmitters and other biological molecules. In this study, we were interested in the following neurotransmitters: dopamine hydrochloride, L-ascorbic acid, acetylcholine chloride, y-aminobutyric, glycine and L-glutamic acid and in sugar molecules including glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The selection of the detection methods/instruments depends on several criteria such as the characteristics of the sample (viscosity, volume among others). In the context of this PhD thesis, we are investigating the performance of several detection methods/instruments such as electrochemistry, impedance spectroscopy and UV / Visible and infrared (IR) spectrometry, for the detection of different types of molecules in aqueous samples. Then, we propose a new chemical analysis approach of aqueous samples based on IR spectrometry. We are particularly interested to microscope-FTIR spectrometer which allows us to perform IR spectroscopic analysis and to visualize the spatial molecular distribution in the analyzed sample. However, the microscope-FTIR spectrometer, in its standard configuration, does not allow the analysis of aqueous samples due to the high absorption of IR radiation by water molecules. To address this problem, we proposed a new microfluidic system for liquid control and handling, which has been integrated with the microscope-FTIR spectrometer to analyze aqueous samples. The new proposed system consists of a reflection module, a hydrophobic layer, and a microfluidic system. The reflection module is heated in order to ensure rapid evaporation of the solvent. The hydrophobic layer allows the sample to be confined in a small area to ensure more uniform distribution of molecules on the surface of the substrate. This new system allowed us to identify and quantify different types of molecules such as neurotransmitters and sugar molecules. The reached detection limit with our system is 10 µM for neurotransmitters, 3 mM for glucose and fructose and 1 mM for sucrose. In addition, we proposed a new algorithm for automatic molecular identification by the FTIR microscope spectrometer. Using this algorithm, we were able to identify the following six neurotransmitters: dopamine hydrochloride, L-ascorbic acid, acetylcholine chloride, y-aminobutyric, glycine and L-glutamic acid, in synthetic solutions (homogeneous and heterogeneous). Finally, the detection accuracy of the new algorithm is 75% to 100% for the six neurotransmitters we studied, in 36 homogeneous and 45 heterogeneous samples

    Multi-Modal Sensing Platform for Continuous Analysis of Maple Syrup in Production Process

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    Pseudo-Continuous Flow FTIR System for Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Identification in Mid-IR Range

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    In this paper, we present a new FTIR-based microfluidic system for Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose detection. The proposed microfluidic system is based on a pseudo-continuous flow coupled to a microscope-FTIR instrument. The detection and characterization of sugar samples were performed by recording their absorption spectrum in the wavelength range 700–1000 cm − 1 of the Mid-IR region. The proposed pseudo-continuous flow system is designed to improve the uniformity of the sample distribution in the analyzed area versus conventional systems. The obtained results for different sugars concentrations, show a very low measurement error of 4.35% in the absorption peak intensity, which is ten times lower than the error obtained using the conventional measurements

    A high performance membraneless microfluidic microbial fuel cell for stable, long-term benchtop operation under strong flow

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    Strong control over experimental conditions in microfluidic channels provides a unique opportunity to study and optimize membraneless microbial fuel cells (MFCs), particularly with respect to the role of flow. However, improved performance and transferability of results to the wider MFC community require improvements to device stability under all applied operational conditions. To address these challenges, we present an easy-to-fabricate membraneless MFC that combines i) O2 protection via a gas diffusion barrier, ii) integrated graphite electrodes, and iii) optimized electrode placement to avoid cross-contamination under all applied flow rates. Attention to all of these design features in the same platform resulted in the operation of a MFC with a pure-culture anaerobic Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilm for half a year, that is, six times longer than previously reported, without the use of an oxygen scavenger. As a result of higher device stability under high flow rates, power densities were four times higher than reported previously for microfluidic MFCs with the same biofilm

    Miniaturized FDDA and CMOS Based Potentiostat for Bio-Applications

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    A novel fully differential difference CMOS potentiostat suitable for neurotransmitter sensing is presented. The described architecture relies on a fully differential difference amplifier (FDDA) circuit to detect a wide range of reduction-oxidation currents, while exhibiting low-power consumption and low-noise operation. This is made possible thanks to the fully differential feature of the FDDA, which allows to increase the source voltage swing without the need for additional dedicated circuitry. The FDDA also reduces the number of amplifiers and passive elements in the potentiostat design, which lowers the overall power consumption and noise. The proposed potentiostat was fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS, with 1.8 V supply voltage. The device achieved 5 µA sensitivity and 0.99 linearity. The input-referred noise was 6.9 µV rms and the flicker noise was negligible. The total power consumption was under 55 µW. The complete system was assembled on a 20 mm × 20 mm platform that includes the potentiostat chip, the electrode terminals and an instrumentation amplifier for redox current buffering, once converted to a voltage by a series resistor. the chip dimensions were 1 mm × 0.5 mm and the other PCB components were off-chip resistors, capacitors and amplifiers for data acquisition. The system was successfully tested with ferricyanide, a stable electroactive compound, and validated with dopamine, a popular neurotransmitter

    Towards a Multifunctional Electrochemical Sensing and Niosome Generation Lab-on-Chip Platform Based on a Plug-and-Play Concept

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    In this paper, we present a new modular lab on a chip design for multimodal neurotransmitter (NT) sensing and niosome generation based on a plug-and-play concept. This architecture is a first step toward an automated platform for an automated modulation of neurotransmitter concentration to understand and/or treat neurodegenerative diseases. A modular approach has been adopted in order to handle measurement or drug delivery or both measurement and drug delivery simultaneously. The system is composed of three fully independent modules: three-channel peristaltic micropumping system, a three-channel potentiostat and a multi-unit microfluidic system composed of pseudo-Y and cross-shape channels containing a miniature electrode array. The system was wirelessly controlled by a computer interface. The system is compact, with all the microfluidic and sensing components packaged in a 5 cm × 4 cm × 4 cm box. Applied to serotonin, a linear calibration curve down to 0.125 mM, with a limit of detection of 31 μ M was collected at unfunctionalized electrodes. Added sensitivity and selectivity was achieved by incorporating functionalized electrodes for dopamine sensing. Electrode functionalization was achieved with gold nanoparticles and using DNA and o-phenylene diamine polymer. The as-configured platform is demonstrated as a central component toward an “intelligent” drug delivery system based on a feedback loop to monitor drug delivery
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