22 research outputs found
Femtio aÌr av global ojaÌmlikhet : Har vaÌrlden blivit mer eller mindre jaÌmlik?
Har inkomst- och loÌneskillnaderna i vaÌrlden oÌkat eller minskat sedan 1970- talet? I den haÌr artikeln redogoÌr jag foÌr vad den senaste forskningen har att saÌga om den ekonomiska ojaÌmlikheten paÌ global nivaÌ. Jag diskuterar aÌven ett antal olika aspekter som goÌr att svaret paÌ denna till synes enkla fraÌga kan variera
Femtio aÌr av global ojaÌmlikhet : Har vaÌrlden blivit mer eller mindre jaÌmlik?
Har inkomst- och loÌneskillnaderna i vaÌrlden oÌkat eller minskat sedan 1970- talet? I den haÌr artikeln redogoÌr jag foÌr vad den senaste forskningen har att saÌga om den ekonomiska ojaÌmlikheten paÌ global nivaÌ. Jag diskuterar aÌven ett antal olika aspekter som goÌr att svaret paÌ denna till synes enkla fraÌga kan variera
The Mystery of Inequality : Essays on Culture, Development, and Distributions
Essay I (with Daniel Waldenström): We estimate trends in global earnings dispersion across occupational groups by constructing a new database that covers 68 developed and developing countries between 1970 and 2018. Our main finding is that global earnings inequality has fallen, primarily during the 2000s and 2010s, when the global Gini coefficient dropped by 15 points and the earnings share of the worldâs poorest half doubled. Decomposition analyses show earnings convergence between countries and within occupations, while within-country earnings inequality has increased. Moreover, the falling global inequality trend was driven mainly by real wage growth, rather than changes in hours worked, taxes or occupational employment. Essay II: I analyze the relationship between individualism and preferences for redistribution, using variation in immigrantsâ countries of origin to capture the impact of cultural values and beliefs on personal attitudes towards income redistribution and equality. Using global individual-level survey data, I find strong support for the hypothesis that more individualistic cultures are associated with lower preferences for redistribution. At the same time, cultural assimilation in this dimension seems to take place relatively fast. Essay III (with Paula Roth and Daniel Waldenström): We provide new evidence on income inequality levels and trends in Sweden from 1968 to 2016. By combining data from tax and population registers, we construct a new dataset that includes the distribution of pre-tax total and post-tax disposable income for the full Swedish population since 1968. Our results indicate that the 1980s was the decade with the lowest level of overall income inequality in Sweden, while income inequality as measured by top income shares for the very top has increased steadily over the studied period. Essay IV (with Katarzyna Burzynska): We apply a panel of 331 microfinance institutions from 37 countries to investigate the relationship between social beliefs and microfinance financial performance over the period of 2003â2011. We find that microfinance institutions in countries with higher levels of trust and more collectivist culture have lower operating and default costs and charge lower interest rates. These results provide the first large cross-country evidence that social beliefs are important determinants of microfinance performance
The Mystery of Inequality : Essays on Culture, Development, and Distributions
Essay I (with Daniel Waldenström): We estimate trends in global earnings dispersion across occupational groups by constructing a new database that covers 68 developed and developing countries between 1970 and 2018. Our main finding is that global earnings inequality has fallen, primarily during the 2000s and 2010s, when the global Gini coefficient dropped by 15 points and the earnings share of the worldâs poorest half doubled. Decomposition analyses show earnings convergence between countries and within occupations, while within-country earnings inequality has increased. Moreover, the falling global inequality trend was driven mainly by real wage growth, rather than changes in hours worked, taxes or occupational employment. Essay II: I analyze the relationship between individualism and preferences for redistribution, using variation in immigrantsâ countries of origin to capture the impact of cultural values and beliefs on personal attitudes towards income redistribution and equality. Using global individual-level survey data, I find strong support for the hypothesis that more individualistic cultures are associated with lower preferences for redistribution. At the same time, cultural assimilation in this dimension seems to take place relatively fast. Essay III (with Paula Roth and Daniel Waldenström): We provide new evidence on income inequality levels and trends in Sweden from 1968 to 2016. By combining data from tax and population registers, we construct a new dataset that includes the distribution of pre-tax total and post-tax disposable income for the full Swedish population since 1968. Our results indicate that the 1980s was the decade with the lowest level of overall income inequality in Sweden, while income inequality as measured by top income shares for the very top has increased steadily over the studied period. Essay IV (with Katarzyna Burzynska): We apply a panel of 331 microfinance institutions from 37 countries to investigate the relationship between social beliefs and microfinance financial performance over the period of 2003â2011. We find that microfinance institutions in countries with higher levels of trust and more collectivist culture have lower operating and default costs and charge lower interest rates. These results provide the first large cross-country evidence that social beliefs are important determinants of microfinance performance
Skolkökspersonalens erfarenhet och syn pÄ matsvinn i tillagningskök : en kvalitativ studie
Bakgrund: Matsvinn utgör ett globalt samhĂ€llsproblem genom sin negativa klimat- och miljöpĂ„verkan. I Sverige har det utvecklats en nationell handlingsplan för att minska pĂ„ matsvinnet. I svenska skolkök efterfrĂ„gas mer strategier för att minska pĂ„ matsvinnet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka kökspersonalens erfarenhet och synen pĂ„ matsvinn inom skolor i offentliga sektorn. Metod: Ă
tta kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med kökspersonal som arbetade i fem kommunala skolkök i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige. Intervjuerna transkriberades för att sedan bearbetas genom innehÄllsanalys. Resultat: Skolkökspersonalens uppfattningar var att deras och lÀrarnas nÀrvaro i matsalen, bristen pÄ kommunikationen mellan skolan och mÄltidsservice samt elevernas matpreferenser, beteende och Älder pÄverkade matsvinnet. De utförde Àven förebyggande arbete i form av anvÀndning av olika köksverktyg, ÄteranvÀndning av matrester, provsmakning av matrÀtter, minskning av lagret och svinntÀvlingar. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att skolkökspersonalen hade gemensamma uppfattningar om kÀllor till matsvinn och tillÀmpade en del förebyggande arbete, dock för att minska matsvinnet skulle det vara gynnsam med ett bÀttre samspel mellan de involverade verksamheterna
Skolkökspersonalens erfarenhet och syn pÄ matsvinn i tillagningskök : en kvalitativ studie
Bakgrund: Matsvinn utgör ett globalt samhĂ€llsproblem genom sin negativa klimat- och miljöpĂ„verkan. I Sverige har det utvecklats en nationell handlingsplan för att minska pĂ„ matsvinnet. I svenska skolkök efterfrĂ„gas mer strategier för att minska pĂ„ matsvinnet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka kökspersonalens erfarenhet och synen pĂ„ matsvinn inom skolor i offentliga sektorn. Metod: Ă
tta kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med kökspersonal som arbetade i fem kommunala skolkök i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige. Intervjuerna transkriberades för att sedan bearbetas genom innehÄllsanalys. Resultat: Skolkökspersonalens uppfattningar var att deras och lÀrarnas nÀrvaro i matsalen, bristen pÄ kommunikationen mellan skolan och mÄltidsservice samt elevernas matpreferenser, beteende och Älder pÄverkade matsvinnet. De utförde Àven förebyggande arbete i form av anvÀndning av olika köksverktyg, ÄteranvÀndning av matrester, provsmakning av matrÀtter, minskning av lagret och svinntÀvlingar. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att skolkökspersonalen hade gemensamma uppfattningar om kÀllor till matsvinn och tillÀmpade en del förebyggande arbete, dock för att minska matsvinnet skulle det vara gynnsam med ett bÀttre samspel mellan de involverade verksamheterna
Replication Report: A Comment on Gethin, MartĂnez- Toledano & Piketty (2022)
Gethin, MartĂnez-Toledano and Piketty (2022) analyze the long-run evolution of political cleavages using a new database on socioeconomic determinants of voting from approximately 300 elections in 21 Western democracies between 1948 and 2020. They find that, in the 1950s and 1960s, voting for the "left" was associated with lower-educated and low-income voters. After that, voting for the "left" has gradually become associated with higher-educated voters, while highincome voters have continued to vote for the "right". In the 2010s, there is a disconnection between the effects of income and education on voting. In this replication, we first conduct a computational reproduction, using the replication package provided by the authors. Second, we do a robustness replication testing to what extent the original results are robust to i) restricting the sample to "core" left and right parties, ii) analyzing the top 80% versus bottom 20%, iii) weighting by population, iv) dropping control variables, and v) using country fixed effects. The main results of the paper are found to be largely replicable and robust
Global earnings inequality, 1970â2015
We estimate trends in global earnings dispersion across occupational groups using a new database covering 66 developed and developing countries between 1970 and 2015. Our main finding is that global earnings inequality has declined, primarily during the 2000s, when the global Gini coefficient dropped nearly 10 points and the earnings share of the worldâs poorest half doubled. Decomposition analyses emphasize the role of income convergence between poor and rich countries and that earnings have become more similar within occupations in traded industries. Sensitivity checks show that the results are robust to varying real exchange rates, inequality measures and population definitions
Skolkökspersonalens erfarenhet och syn pÄ matsvinn i tillagningskök : en kvalitativ studie
Bakgrund: Matsvinn utgör ett globalt samhĂ€llsproblem genom sin negativa klimat- och miljöpĂ„verkan. I Sverige har det utvecklats en nationell handlingsplan för att minska pĂ„ matsvinnet. I svenska skolkök efterfrĂ„gas mer strategier för att minska pĂ„ matsvinnet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka kökspersonalens erfarenhet och synen pĂ„ matsvinn inom skolor i offentliga sektorn. Metod: Ă
tta kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med kökspersonal som arbetade i fem kommunala skolkök i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige. Intervjuerna transkriberades för att sedan bearbetas genom innehÄllsanalys. Resultat: Skolkökspersonalens uppfattningar var att deras och lÀrarnas nÀrvaro i matsalen, bristen pÄ kommunikationen mellan skolan och mÄltidsservice samt elevernas matpreferenser, beteende och Älder pÄverkade matsvinnet. De utförde Àven förebyggande arbete i form av anvÀndning av olika köksverktyg, ÄteranvÀndning av matrester, provsmakning av matrÀtter, minskning av lagret och svinntÀvlingar. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att skolkökspersonalen hade gemensamma uppfattningar om kÀllor till matsvinn och tillÀmpade en del förebyggande arbete, dock för att minska matsvinnet skulle det vara gynnsam med ett bÀttre samspel mellan de involverade verksamheterna