Alien Registration- Hamilton, Samuel B. (Topsfield, Washington County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/1266/thumbnail.jp

Samuel Hamilton Wiley to Mr. Meredith (4 October 1951)

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mercorr_pro/1939/thumbnail.jp

No Justice in Utah\u27s Justice Courts: Constitutional Issues, Systemic Problems, and the Failure to Protect Defendants in Utah\u27s Infamous Local Courts

Utah’s justice of the peace courts look and feel exactly like district courts, yet they lack the benefits and protections afforded to citizens charged with more serious offenses. Utah should strongly consider abolishing its justice courts in order to integrate them into a statewide system of justice that would “keep the peace” for all of the state’s citizens. If Utah does not abolish its justice courts, then it should implement the procedures and reforms outlined in this Article. Utah continues to have an opportunity to provide meaningful, and constitutional, justice administered at its local level. Once these reforms were implemented, Utah could return once again to a system of local courts that could truly be called courts of justice

Measuring the sp2/sp3 carbon content ratio in a single nanodiamond using quantitative optical microscopy

The uses for dielectric nanoparticles, in particular nanodiamond (ND), cover a wide variety of fields including drug delivery and biomarkers in medicine. This is due to the properties of ND, being non-toxic, mechanically hard, and offering facile functionalisation chemistry. An important aspect modulating these properties is the presence of sp2 hybridisation at the surface, which changes the surface chemistry and the optical absorption properties. Treatments to reduce surface sp2 have been developed, however, a non-destructive method to accurately measure the sp2/sp3 ratio of single NDs is lacking. This thesis presents such a method, determining this ratio combining the optical microscopy methods of quantitative differential interference contrast (qDIC), extinction, and photothermal microscopy. By converting an optical phase gradient to an intensity change, DIC enables the detection of dielectric nanoparticles. A method to determine the size of these particles from DIC has been developed, for which a calibration has been carried out using polystyrene beads of 100 nm radius. This showed the technique to be accurate to better than 10% in volume, with the smallest detectable particles being limited by background and shot noise. Measurements of milled nanodiamonds with nominal sizes of below 50 nm, showed a nearly exponential size distribution with a mean size of 28 ± 1.4 nm. When illuminated, nanoparticles (NPs) cause attenuation of the transmitted light due to scattering and absorption, the sum of which is the extinction caused by the NP. A wide-field microscopy method by which the extinction cross section of NPs can be obtained has previously been developed. Since pure sp2 samples are absorbing under illumination by visible wavelengths, and scattering can be neglected, measurements of the extinction cross section could be obtained. Photothermal background has been shown to be present in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) measurements. The absorption of the Stokes beam causes a temperature change, which by the formation of a thermal lens causes a modulation of the pump beam, detected as stimulated Raman loss (SRL). Using this photothermal imaging on individual nanodiamonds, by using a Stokes wavelength which is absorbed by surface sp2 and delaying the pump by a set time, photothermal signal from the NDs can be used to determine the absorption by sp2. Correlative qDIC measurements of the same nanodiamonds, along with correlative optical extinction and photothermal measurements of a pure sp2 sample, allowed for quantitative determination of the sp2/sp3 ratio of individual NDs. Investigations into NDs that had been commercially purchased, and subsequently treated by a combination of temperature annealing and acid etching to reduce the amount of surface sp2, were carried out. It was found that the treatment procedure reduced the surface sp2 significantly, from up to 150% coverage (meaning a layer and a half of sp2 surface coverage around the ND) when untreated to around 30% when treated. The small-est area of sp2 detectable using this technique was 52 nm2, corresponding to a full surface layer coverage of a diamond with an edge length of 10nm assuming cubic geometry. Similarly to NDs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) also have a wide range of uses in medical and biotechnology applications due to their tensile strength, and their electrical properties. The electrical properties of a given CNT depend on a property known as its chiral index. Techniques by which this property of individual CNTs can be determined are available in the form of atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, however these require specialised setups to carry out. While the progress of work here was limited due to the Coronavirus pandemic, an investigation to determine the best sample preparation procedure to deposit CNTs onto a coverslip ensuring the presence of individual nanotubes has been carried out. Subsequent initial measurements of individual CNTs to determine their extinction cross section using a wide field microscope were started. It was found that a nanotube concentration of 2 μg/ml provided an adequate distribution of CNTs on the coverslip surface such that individual nanotubes could be identified. Given the respective properties of carbon allotropes such as NDs, making them desirable in many applications, are heavily dependant on the structures of individual NPs, it is important to have the ability to accurately characterise them prior to use. Presented here is a method by which the surface sp2 content in individual NDs can be measured using non-destructive techniques. This would allow for such characterisation of samples prior to use, providing the ability to screen samples which contain either too much or too little sp2 for a given application

Sizing individual dielectric nanoparticles with quantitative differential interference contrast microscopy

We report a method to measure the size of single dielectric nanoparticles with high accuracy and precision using quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Dielectric nanoparticles are detected optically by the conversion of the optical phase change into an intensity change using DIC. Phase images of individual nanoparticles were retrieved from DIC by Wiener filtering, and a quantitative methodology to extract nanoparticle sizes was developed. Using polystyrene beads of 100 nm radius as size standard, we show that the method determines this radius within a few nm accuracy. The smallest detectable polystyrene bead is limited by background and shot-noise, which depend on acquisition and analysis parameters, including the objective numerical aperture, the DIC phase offset, and the refractive index contrast between particles and their surrounding. A sensitivity limit potentially reaching down to 1.8 nm radius was inferred. As application example, individual nanodiamonds with nominal sizes below 50 nm were measured, and were found to have a nearly exponential size distribution with 28 nm mean value. Considering the importance of dielectric nanoparticles in many fields, from naturally occurring virions to polluting nanoplastics, the proposed method could offer a powerful quantitative tool for nanoparticle analysis, combining accuracy, sensitivity and high-throughput with widely available and easy-to-use DIC microscop

Patient-Centered Outcomes From Multiparametric MRI and MRI-Guided Biopsy for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize patient-centered outcomes (PCOs) relating to multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and MRI-guided biopsy as diagnostic tests for possible prostate cancer. METHODS: Medline via OVID, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for relevant articles. Hand searching of reference lists and snowballing techniques were performed. Studies of mpMRI and MRI-guided biopsy that measured any PCO were included. There were no restrictions placed on year of publication, language, or country for study inclusion. All database search hits were screened independently by two reviewers, and data were extracted using a standardized form. RESULTS: Overall, 2,762 database search hits were screened based on title and abstract. Of these, 222 full-text articles were assessed, and 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 2,192 participants featured in the included studies, all of which were conducted in high-income countries. Nineteen different PCOs were measured, with a median of four PCOs per study (range 1-11). Urethral bleeding, pain, and urinary tract infection were the most common outcomes measured. In the four studies that compared mpMRI or MRI-guided biopsy to transrectal ultrasound biopsy, most adverse outcomes occurred less frequently in MRI-related tests. These four studies were assessed as having a low risk of bias. DISCUSSION: PCOs measured in studies of mpMRI or MRI-guided biopsy thus far have mostly been physical outcomes, with some evidence that MRI tests are associated with less frequent adverse outcomes compared with transrectal ultrasound biopsy. There was very little evidence for the effect of mpMRI and MRI-guided biopsy on emotional, cognitive, social, or behavioral outcomes

Health and environmental effects of coal-fired electric power plants

This paper describes health and environmental impacts of coal-fired electric power plants. Effects on man, agriculture, and natural ecosystems are considered. These effects may result from direct impacts or exposures via air, water, and food chains. The paper is organized by geographical extent of effect. Occupational health impacts and local environmental effects such as noise and solid waste leachate are treated first. Then, regional effects of air pollution, including acid rain, are analyzed. Finally, potential global impacts are examined. Occupational health concerns considered include exposure to noise, dust, asbestos, mercury, and combustion products, and resulting injury and disease. Local effects considered include noise; air and water emissions of coal storage piles, solid waste operations, and cooling systems. Air pollution, once an acute local problem, is now a regional concern. Acute and chronic direct health effects are considered. Special attention is given to potential effects of radionuclides in coal and of acid rain. Finally, potential global impacts associated with carbon dioxide emissions are considered. 88 references, 9 tables