HBCU Technology Transfer Supply Chair Networks’ Sustainability: Budget Resource Planning Tool Development

This study describes the development of a university technology transfer supply chain network sustainability tool that Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) can use to become more self-reliant financially. HBCUs lag behind their peer non-HBCUs because historically they have been under-served and were originally established largely as teaching and blue collar trade schools. Increased involvement in research oriented activities such as technology transfer will likely enable HBCUs to grow into new or stronger research institutions. The literature review revealed several problem areas with non-HBCUs university technology transfer include a resource planning issues. These problem areas for non-HBCUs would be challenging for HBCUs as well. Problems with university technology transfer have led to unethical behavior among faculty inventors and university technology transfer specialists at non- HBCUs (C. Hamilton, Schumann, D., 2016). Despite these problems, the non-HBCUs are generating licensing revenues. Systems dynamics is the process of combining the theory, method and philosophy necessary to analyze the behavior of a system in order to provide a common foundation that can be applied whenever it is desired to understand and influence how things change over time. Applying the systems dynamics approach, a budget resource planning tool was developed using a linear programming optimization technique. This study illustrates that classic industrial uses of linear programming optimization techniques can uniquely be used to optimize budget resource planning for sustainable HBCU supply chain networks and other emerging research institutions

University Technology Transfer and Economic Development: Proposed Cooperative Economic Development Agreements Under the Bayh Dole Act

Technology transfer enables private industry and academia to make practical use of advanced research, development, and technical expertise. Indeed, universities are a rich source of science and technology that can support local government and business development as well as economic growth. Thus, it is essential for research universities to transfer their wisdom to the public for its use and benefit. Today, universities operate in an economic climate that requires both capital and knowledge; takes advantage of government technology initiatives (namely the Bayh- Dole Act);\u27 and serves as a catalyst for the creation of a large number of new, incubated companies. In fact, one way to take advantage of the dynamics of the New Economy and its ability to increase the quality of living at the local government level is to encourage universities to have a seedbed effect on their local economies. This Article proposes that Congress amend the Bayh-Dole Act to provide guidance on how universities can enter into newly proposed Cooperative Economic Development Agreements (CEDAs) patterned after the Stevenson-Wydler Act\u27s Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs)

Does Machiavelli\u27s The Prince Have Relevant Lessons for Modern High-Tech Managers and Leaders?

When we think of Machiavellian conduct in technology companies, we think of cut-throat, cunning, behaviour. Cut-throat competition in technological innovations can be the barrier to market entry (Lee, 2014). The lean philosophy is that managers and leaders are to strive for the efficient and effective use of resources in order to overcome this barrier and gain competitive advantage. In order for there to be cut throats, there have to be cut-throat technology innovation leaders and managers. What the lean philosophy lacks is guidance on how to achieve an efficient and effective use of resources in a cut-throat competitive environment. The challenges posed by that type of environment do not go away and cannot be swept under the rug

University Technology Transfer Information Processing From the Attention Based View

Between 2005 and 2011, there was no substantial growth in licenses executed by university technology transfer offices. Since the passage of the Bayh Dole Act of 1980, universities have owned technological inventions afforded by federal research funding. There are still university technology transfer offices that struggle with increasing their licensing revenues. There is a persistent underperformance by university technology transfer offices. This paper makes the contribution of advocating the novel use of cognitive thinking’s attention based view to university technology transfer in order to resolve this problem. The attention based view teaches that human attention is limited and organizations are limited in what they pay attention to (Cyert, 1963; Ocasio, 1997). It is argued herein that universities may struggle with increasing their licensing revenues because they are not paying sufficient attention to licensing. Awareness of the problem is the first step in resolving it. It is propositioned that university technology transfer office staff pay more attention to intellectual property protection than patent marketing or licensing and this result in lower licensing revenues and lower overall performance. It is also propositioned that technology transfer offices with less experienced staff pay more attention to intellectual property protection than patent marketing and licensing

Appropriation of Artisans\u27 Intellectual Property in Fashion Design Accessories: Piracy Disguised as Giving Back?

Creative industries are industries focused on the creation and exploitation of intellectual propert, including art, fashion design, and related creative services, such as advertisement and sales. During a trip to Burkina Faso in \Nest Africa, Keri Fosse was taught by an African woman how to wrap newborns with fabric in a manner that creates a strong bond and frees the mother\u27s hands for other tasks. Burkina Faso has a craft culture and is known for its woven cotton and the textile art of Bogolan. Bogolan is a technique original to Mali and involves the tradition of dyeing threads with bright colors, washing it skillfully, using coated and shiny Bazin, and using indigo from Benin. After this trip, Fosse and her husband developed a shirt which copies the African lady\u27s, Lalabu\u27s, technique. They developed a product called Soothe Shirt; and created a business called Lalabu Lalabu is also the name of the African woman that the Fosses met. They have been successful. The Fosses have stated that they got the idea from Lalabu, but redesigned it for production. The couple advertises that they give back by giving two percent of each purchase to help female African entrepreneurs through microfinancing. By offering micro-loans, the Fosses claim that when the African women repay the loan, they reinvest the money into the micro loan fund. This study advocates that practices like the Fosses\u27 are not representative of socially responsible entrepreneurial endeavors. Instead, these are instances of intellectual property piracy. The following sections are a discussion of the relevant legal foundation, theoretical foundation, and existing best practices. With respect to best practices, what is missing is shared ownership. Although the open appropriation of fashion designs may he commonplace in America, the appropriation of cultural artisan crafts created in other countries by Americans beg special attention

Increasing Diversity among Women Entrepreneurs in High Growth High Tech Using HBCU Female Academic Entrepreneurs

There is a concentrated number of potential women entrepreneurs of diverse races among faculty in the United States\u27 Historically Black Colleges and Universities (known as HBCUs and are called \u27Black Colleges\u27 herein). This study describes the potential for developing university technology transfer in these Black Colleges as a strategy for increasing diversity among women entrepreneurs in high growth, high tech fields using female academic entrepreneurs. Currently, Black Colleges lag behind their peer non-Black Colleges in . technology transfer because historically they have been under, served and were originally established largely as teaching and blue-collar trade schools. Although Black female STEM faculty comprised less than 2% of the US faculty, they are 22% at HBCUs (Mack, 2011). Using a novel theoretical framework, 24 Black Colleges with doctoral programs were compared to five (5) non-Black Colleges\u27 technology transfer programs. The results of a correlation analysis support hypotheses regarding the relationships between tech transfer resource inputs and outputs. It was discovered that the size of technology transfer support and licensing staff relates to the number of invention disclosures and startup formations. The amount of legal support investments did not relate to the number of licensing agreements. Further, the amount of legal support investments or patent applications filed did not relate to faculty size per program. The number of licensing agreements did positively relate to faculty size per program. Further, faculty size per program and total research expenditures positively related to total licensing agreements. There was no support for the hypothesis that the relationship between non-tenured faculty would be negatively correlated to the number of licensing agreements and start-up business formations. Publications, honors and awards are some measures of faculty quality. Gross licensing income did not correlate to the amount of faculty publications or percent of faculty with honors and awards. Interestingly, the number of invention disclosures, patent applications filed, or percent of faculty with honors and awards did not correlate to faculty with research grants. Instead, revenue from licensing and publication citations were related positively to faculty with research grants. Lastly, the more female faculty researchers there are, the more faculty honors and awards, gross licensing income and number of start-ups. These findings were used to develop a model intellectual property (IP) policy for Black Colleges. The Model IP policies can help these institutions improve their technology transfer and academic entrepreneurship endeavors. Ultimately, this will likely increase the diversity of women researchers, inventors and academic entrepreneurs in high growth, high tech fields

Emerging Research Institutions\u27 Technology Transfer Supply Chain Networks\u27 Sustainability Budget Resource Planning Tool Development

Emerging Research Institution (ERls) can benefit from patent licensing revenues from the transfer f patented technologies into the commercial marketplace because these added revenues can help research institutions become more sustainable financially. However, many ERls struggle to succeed in technology transfer. This study describes the development of a university technology transfer supply chain network sustainability tool that private and public ERls can use to become more self-reliant financially. Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are ERls and are used as a case study. HBCUs lag behind their peer non-HBCUs because historically they have been under-served and were originally established largely as teaching and blue-collar trade schools. Some doctoral HBC Us desire to strengthen their research activities. Systems dynamics is the process of combining the theory, method, and philosophy necessary to analyze the behavior of a system in order to provide a common foundation that can be applied whenever it is desired to understand and influence how things change over time. Applying the systems dynamics approach, a budget resource planning tool was developed using a linear programming optimization technique. This study illustrates that classic industrial uses of linear programming optimization techniques can uniquely be used to optimize budget resource planning for sustainable HBCU supply chain networks and other emerging research institutions. This study contributes to the improved execution of technology transfer projects through better budget resource planning

Adequacy of the 1995 Antitrust Guidelines for IP Licensing: Commentaries from the 2002 FTC and DOJ Hearings

In 1995, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) adopted new guidelines for the licensing of intellectual property rights without violating antitrust laws. The 1995 Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property (IP Guidelines) state the antitrust enforcement policy of the DOJ and the FTC.1 The IP Guidelines drafted by the DOJ and FTC (the agencies) does not provide practitioners with a sufficient level of comfort as they attempt to predict the enforcement initiatives relative to intellectual property licensing.2 The IP Guidelines are inadequate because they misunderstand the nature of intellectual property markets and provide insufficient guidance in the most difficult areas. The IP Guidelines include a special treatment of a newly defined “innovation market” that is flawed and lack a focus on license-misuse activity that creates entry barriers

Appropriation of Artisans' Intellectual Property in Fashion Design Accessories: Piracy Disguised as Giving Back?

Creative industries are industries focused on the creation and exploitation of intellectual property, including art, fashion design, and related creative services, such as advertisement and sales. During a trip to Burkina Faso in West Africa, Keri Fosse was taught by an African woman how to wrap newborns with fabric in a manner that creates a strong bond and frees the mother’s hands for other tasks. Burkina Faso has a craft culture and is known for its woven cotton and the textile art of Bogolan. Bogolan is a technique original to and involves the tradition of dyeing threads with bright colors, washing it skillfully, using coated and shiny Bazin, and using indigo from Benin. After this trip, Fosse and her husband developed a shirt which copies the African lady's, Lalabu's, technique. They developed a product called Soothe Shirt; and created a business called Lalabu. Lalabu is also the name of the African woman that the Fosses met. They have been successful. The Fosses have stated that they got the idea from Lalabu, but redesigned it for production. The couple advertises that they "giving back" by giving 2% percent of each purchase to help female African entrepreneurs through microfinancing. By offering micro-loans, the Fosses claim that when the African women repay the loan, they reinvest the money into the micro loan fund. This study advocates that practices like the Fosses' are not representative of socially responsible entrepreneurial endeavors. Instead, these are instances of intellectual property piracy. The following sections are a discussion of the relevant legal foundation, theoretical foundation, and existing best practices. With respect to best practices, what is missing is shared ownership. Although the open appropriation of fashion designs may he commonplace in America, the appropriation of cultural artisan crafts created in other countries by Americans beg special attention