Comparative Study of the Jurisdiction of the Stock Exchange’s Board of Directors in Dealing with Capital Market Disputes in the Laws of Iran, America, and England

Note 1, Article 43 of the Securities Market Law, the board of directors of the stock exchange, along with the arbitration board, is competent to deal with damage claims in the process of the initial offering of securities; The board of directors of the stock exchange, in addition to the dignity and duties of the board of directors of public joint-stock companies, has other competences and duties regarding being a publisher and self-regulating organization. The above-mentioned regulation needs to be carefully examined in terms of the type, scope and limits of jurisdiction of the board of directors of the stock exchangeAnd by examining it, it is discovered that it is unclear about the procedure and organization of the hearing, as well as the issuance of the opinion and its implementation. In addition, the board of directors lacks any legal-judicial dignity, and the handling of lawsuits in it is faced with a fundamental problem, and due to the jurisdiction of two authorities with different organizations, the possibility of conflicting opinions issued in a single matter is very high. However, in the laws of other countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, although other institutions other than the court are responsible for dealing with violations, creating compromises, arbitration between the injured party and the causer of the damage, and similar cases in the process of the initial offer, the judicial investigation of the issue is the responsibility of the judicial system. A detailed examination of the regulations on the topic of discussion and its adaptation to other countries makes clear the necessity of its narrow interpretation, modification and completion in the current situation where the capital market needs support; Therefore, this article aims to emphasize the necessity of amending the relevant regulations by carefully examining the existing internal and external sources and writings, while examining the various aspects of the board of directors' competence;  Especially since the preparations for amending the law have already started

A Comparative Research on Civil Liability of Internet Service Providers Emphazising on U.S.A and European Legal System

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide for their users a possible to access to internet and facilities on it. On the whole, we can talk about both on the tort liability of ISPs for acts connecting with them and liability for user’s activities. The later is the most important and arguable subject about ISP liability. Contractual liability is also another form of liability for ISPs. The liability in the first type is based on fault. Thus, it must be cleared the creating elements of liability as including the fault element in order to establish that liability. In the second type of ISP tort liability the fault liability system is currently used and the reasons for those who say as opposite to it are not acceptable. Notwithstanding, ISPs are currently impunity of liability in U.S. and European Systems in which this impunity are applied a

سیر تاریخی ابلاغ و دادرسی الکترونیکی در ایران

Background and Aim: With the Introduction of Technology in the Legal system of Different Countries, Including Iran, Various Advances Have Been Made, Including in the Fields of Litigation and Electronic Service. In the Meantime, Electronic Service as one of the Components of a Fair Trial Should be Considered. The Need to Use Electronic Devices in the Process of Litigation and Service is an Undeniable Issue. This Necessity is Felt More in the Current Situation of the Society and the Judiciary has Used These Conditions as a Suitable Opportunity to Advance its Goals in the Field of Litigation and Electronic Service. Materials and Methods: In This Study, Which has Been Collected by Analytical-Descriptive Method and Using Library Tools, First, the Process of Electronic Service in the Iranian and Common Law Legal Systems Has Been Examined. In the Next Step, According to the Tools Available to the Courts of Both Legal Systems in the E-Litigation Process, the Effects and Gaps of These Systems Have Been Considered and Discussed. Findings: In the Field of Electronic Service, in Order to Complete This Great Change in the Iranian Judicial System, This Process Should be Designed for Iranians Abroad and People With Unknown Location and Without an Account. On the Other Hand, the E-Litigation System Does not Have the Ability to Completely and Fundamentally Bypass the Traditional System; Rather, it Must Move Alongside This System and Develop and Improve its Efficiency. Ethical Considerations In Order to Organize This Research, While Observing the Authenticity of the Texts, Honesty and Fidelity Have Been Observed. Conclusion: Examining the Common Law System in the United States and the United Kingdom, We Find that the Principle of Optionality Applies to Electronic Service and Courts Use Electronic Service in the Case of Consent, as Well as in Cases Where They are Frustrated by Traditional Means; This Indicates that Electronic Service has Come to the Aid of the Traditional System With the Help of the Judicial System, and that the Courts Should not Approach the Elimination of Traditional Methods.   Please cite this article as: Abhari  H, Mohammadi S, Adeli Far E. Electronic Service and E-Justice in Iranian Law. Med Hist J, Special Issue on the History of Islam and Iran 2020; 179-193.زمینه و هدف: با ورود فناوری در نظام حقوقی کشورهای مختلف از جمله ایران، پیشرفت‌های مختلفی از جمله در حوزه‌های دادرسی و ابلاغ الکترونیک بوجود آمده است. در این میان ابلاغ الکترونیک به عنوان یکی از مؤلفه‌های دادرسی عادلانه باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. ضرورت استفاده از ابزارهای الکترونیکی در فرآیند دادرسی و ابلاغ، از مسائل غیر‌ قابل انکار می‌باشد. این ضرورت با توجه به شرایط فعلی جامعه بیشتر احساس می‌شود و دستگاه قضایی از این شرایط به عنوان یک فرصت مناسب برای پیشبرد اهداف خود در زمینه دادرسی و ابلاغ الکترونیک استفاده نموده است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه که با روش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی و با استفاده از ابزار کتابخانه‌ای به گردآوری مطالب پرداخته شده است، ابتدا فرآیند ابلاغ الکترونیکی در نظام حقوقی ایران و کامن‌لا مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در گام بعد باتوجه به ابزارهایی که محاکم هر دو نظام حقوقی در فرآیند دادرسی الکترونیکی در اختیار دارند، آثار و خلاءهای نظام‌های مزبور مورد توجه و بحث قرار گرفته است. یافته‌ها: در زمینه ابلاغ الکترونیک باید برای تکمیل این تحول بزرگ در سیستم قضایی ایران، این فرآیند برای ایرانیان خارج کشور و افراد مجهول‌المکان و فاقد حساب کاربری نیز طراحی شود. از طرفی نیز نظام دادرسی الکترونیکی توانایی کنار زدن سیستم سنتی به صورت کامل و اساسی را ندارد؛ بلکه می‌بایست در کنار این نظام حرکت کند و کارایی آن را توسعه و ارتقاء دهد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانت‌داری رعایت شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: با بررسی سیستم کامن‌لا در آمریکا و در انگلستان متوجه خواهیم شد که اصلِ اختیاری بودن در مسأله ابلاغ الکترونیک حاکم است و دادگاهها از ابلاغ الکترونیک در صورت رضایت و همچنین در مواردی که از راههای سنتی نا‌امید می‌شوند، استفاده می‌کنند؛ که این مسأله نشان‌دهندة این است که ابلاغ الکترونیک به موزات ابلاغ سنتی به کمک سیستم قضایی آمده است و نباید رویکرد دادگاهها به سوی حذف روش‌های سنتی باشد

Proceedings of the 2011 Summer Computer Simulation Conference

International audienc

Application of cultivable lactic acid bacteria isolated from Iranian traditional dairy products for the production of liquid and dried kashks

This study was aimed to produce liquid and dried kashk as a traditional dairy-based product on an industrial scale. Furthermore, the microbial, chemical properties as well as the proximate composition including pH, moisture, salt, fat, protein, total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and peroxide value (PV) were assessed after 1, 10 and 20 days of cold storage (7 degrees C). Also, the samples from traditional dairy products such as yogurt, doogh, dried kashk, and lolek were collected, and the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was determined as L. lactis subsp cremoris, Streptococcus thermophilus, L. lactis subsp lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus heiveticus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus cases, and Lactobacillus fermentum. The mean values of fat, protein, and TVN for dried and liquid kashk samples were measured as (7.4 +/- 0.7, 2.7 +/- 0.1%), (51 +/- 3.8, 8.7 +/- 0.6 g/100 g) and (15.3 +/- 3.9, 14.9 +/- 4.1 mg/100 g), respectively. The microbial analysis revealed yeasts and molds were the most prevalent microorganisms in both types of kashks, while no Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were found in all samples. In conclusion, the selected species from traditional products which presented a specific property may provide a wide range of genetic variants to design modified species with desired characteristics116This article was donated in memoriam of Dr. Hamid Reza Gheisari, who passed away during the experimental phase of this manuscript. This study was part of an MSc Thesis supported by the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (grant no. 240/426

Association of serum lipids with outcomes in Hispanic hemodialysis patients of the West versus East Coasts of the United States.

BackgroundParadoxical associations exist between serum lipid levels and mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) including those of Hispanic origin. However, there are significant racial and ethnic variations in patients of 'Hispanic' background. We hypothesized that clinically meaningful differences existed in the association between lipids and survival in Hispanic MHD patients on the West versus East Coast.MethodsWe examined the survival impact of serum lipids in a 2-year cohort of 15,109 MHD patients of Hispanic origin being treated in California, Texas, representing the West versus New York, New Jersey and Florida representing the East Coast, using Cox models with various degrees of adjustments.ResultsThe association of serum total and HDL cholesterol with mortality follows a U-shaped pattern in Hispanic patients residing in the West. This is in contrast to Hispanic patients in the East Coast whose survival seems to improve with increasing total and HDL cholesterol levels. Elevated serum LDL levels in Hispanic patients on the West Coast are associated with a significant increase in mortality, while this association is not observed in patients residing on the East Coast.ConclusionsSubstantial differences exist in the association of serum lipids with mortality in MHD patients of Hispanic background depending on whether they reside on the West or East Coast of the United States. These geographical variances most likely reflect ethnic, racial and genetic distinctions, which are usually ignored. Future studies should take into account these critical variations in a population of patients who make up a significant portion of our society

Association of serum lipids with outcomes in Hispanic hemodialysis patients of the West versus East Coasts of the United States.

BackgroundParadoxical associations exist between serum lipid levels and mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) including those of Hispanic origin. However, there are significant racial and ethnic variations in patients of 'Hispanic' background. We hypothesized that clinically meaningful differences existed in the association between lipids and survival in Hispanic MHD patients on the West versus East Coast.MethodsWe examined the survival impact of serum lipids in a 2-year cohort of 15,109 MHD patients of Hispanic origin being treated in California, Texas, representing the West versus New York, New Jersey and Florida representing the East Coast, using Cox models with various degrees of adjustments.ResultsThe association of serum total and HDL cholesterol with mortality follows a U-shaped pattern in Hispanic patients residing in the West. This is in contrast to Hispanic patients in the East Coast whose survival seems to improve with increasing total and HDL cholesterol levels. Elevated serum LDL levels in Hispanic patients on the West Coast are associated with a significant increase in mortality, while this association is not observed in patients residing on the East Coast.ConclusionsSubstantial differences exist in the association of serum lipids with mortality in MHD patients of Hispanic background depending on whether they reside on the West or East Coast of the United States. These geographical variances most likely reflect ethnic, racial and genetic distinctions, which are usually ignored. Future studies should take into account these critical variations in a population of patients who make up a significant portion of our society

Targeted CuFe2O4 hybrid nanoradiosensitizers for synchronous chemoradiotherapy

© 2022 Elsevier B.V.Multifunctional nanoplatforms based on novel bimetallic nanoparticles have emerged as effective radiosensitizers owing to their potential capability in cancer cells radiosensitization. Implementation of chemotherapy along with radiotherapy, known as synchronous chemoradiotherapy, can augment the treatment efficacy. Herein, a tumor targeted nanoradiosensitizer with synchronous chemoradiotion properties, termed as CuFe2O4@BSA-FA-CUR, loaded with curcumin (CUR) and modified by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and folic acid (FA) was developed to enhance tumor accumulation and promote the anti-cancer activity while attenuating adverse effects. Both copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) were utilized in the construction of these submicron scale entities, therefore strong radiosensitization effect is anticipated by implementation of these two metals. The structure–function relationships between constituents of nanomaterials and their function led to the development of nanoscale materials with great radiosensitizing capacity and biosafety. BSA was used to anchor Fe and Cu ions but also to improve colloidal stability, blood circulation time, biocompatibility, and further functionalization. Moreover, to specifically target tumor sites and enhance cellular uptake, FA was conjugated onto the surface of hybrid bimetallic nanoparticles. Finally, CUR as a natural chemotherapeutic agent was encapsulated into the developed bimetallic nanoparticles. With incorporation of all abovementioned stages into one multifunctional nanoplatform, CuFe2O4@BSA-FA-CUR is produced for synergistic chemoradiotherapy with positive outcomes. In vitro investigation revealed that these nanoplatforms bear excellent biosafety, great tumor cell killing ability and radiosensitizing capacity. In addition, high cancer-suppression efficiency was observed through in vivo studies. It is worth mentioning that co-use of CuFe2O4@BSA-FA-CUR nanoplatforms and X-ray radiation led to complete tumor ablation in almost all of the treated mice. No mortality or radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity were observed following administration of CuFe2O4@BSA-FA-CUR nanoparticles which highlights the biosafety of these submicron scale entities. These results offer powerful evidence for the potential capability of CuFe2O4@BSA-FA-CUR in radiosensitization of malignant tumors and opens up a new avenue of research in this area

Magnetite and bismuth sulfide Janus heterostructures as radiosensitizers for in vivo enhanced radiotherapy in breast cancer

Janus heterostructures based on bimetallic nanoparticles have emerged as effective radiosensitizers owing to their radiosensitization capabilities in cancer cells. In this context, this study aims at developing a novel bime-tallic nanoradiosensitizer, Bi2S3-Fe3O4, to enhance tumor accumulation and promote radiation-induced DNA damage while reducing adverse effects. Due to the presence of both iron oxide and bismuth sulfide metallic nanoparticles in these newly developed nanoparticle, strong radiosensitizing capacity is anticipated through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce DNA damage under X-Ray irradiation. To improve blood circulation time, biocompatibility, colloidal stability, and tuning surface functionalization, the surface of Bi2S3-Fe3O4 bimetallic nanoparticles was coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Moreover, to achieve higher cellular uptake and efficient tumor site specificity, folic acid (FA) as a targeting moiety was conjugated onto the bimetallic nanoparticles, termed Bi2S3@BSA-Fe3O4-FA. Biocompatibility, safety, radiation-induced DNA damage by ROS activation and generation, and radiosensitizing ability were confirmed via in vitro and in vivo assays. The administration of Bi2S3@BSA-Fe3O4-FA in 4T1 breast cancer murine model upon X-ray radiation revealed highly effective tumor eradication without causing any mortality or severe toxicity in healthy tissues. These findings offer compelling evidence for the potential capability of Bi2S3@BSA-Fe3O4-FA as an ideal nanoparticle for radiation-induced cancer therapy and open interesting avenues of future research in this area