Pathological Studies on an Atomic-Bomb Radiation Case

The cause of the death due to the atomic-bomb radiation is yet unknown definitely and the same can be said of shock brought about by the atomic-bomb. It cannot be said with certainity that infection of pathogenic bacteria concerns in the mortality, for even minor injuries did not often escape bacterial invasion from any part of the whole body. In this case the progress was same to a symptom of agranulocytosis, namely collapse, chill, fever, red throat or ulcerative stomatitis and from the reason of the heavily infected tonsils, although cultures were not made, there are reasons to consider it as agranulocytosis angina. The interpretation of the histologic changes observed in this patient, is rendered difficult not only by the factor of infection, but by the possible influence of one damaged organ upon another. From the histological changes there were the destruction of the epithelium of the gastro-intestinal organs, the atrophy of the testis and the necrosis of the tonsils, but the most noteworthy was the changes in the bone-marrow. The hyperplasia of the reticulum cells, the disappearance of the hematopoetic foci, and the great quantity of mitotic figures in the myeloid cells observecl in this case are found in many of the atomic-bomb victims died approximately one month after the exposure. This is a case of the death caused by aplastic anemia with infective complication or in orther words symptomatic agranulocytosis caused by the atomic-bomb radiation with sepsis.</p

Über drei Sektionsfälle von Kleinhirnbrückenwinkeltumor, insbesondere über den Nachweis der eigenartigen markscheidenähnlichen Fasern im Neurinom mittels der Isolationsmethode von Hamazaki

Verff. berichten uber drei Fälle von kleinhirnbrückenwinkeltumor. Im ersten Falle handelt es sich um einen bei der Sektion zufällig gefundenen, kleinen, klinisch symptomlosen Kleinhirnbrückenwinkeltumor ohne sekundäre Entartung, der sich als wertvolles Material zum histologischen Studium des Neurinoms (Verocay) erwies. Der zweite Fall ist ein klinisch partiell resezierter Kleinhirnbrückenwinkeltumorder Patient starb nach der Operation an Pneumonie. Histologisch zeigte sich zwar ein vorschriftsmäBiges Bild nach Verocay, aber durch den operativen Eingriff waren etliche sekundäre Veränderungen vor sich gegangen. Der dritte Fall ist ein klinisch langwieriger, typischer Kleinhirnbrückeuwinkeltumor, der ohne Operation zum Exitus geführt hatte. Histologisch offenbarte er sich als hämorrhagischer, fibrosarkomatöser Tumor, aber durch Hamazakis Isolationsmethode liess er sich als sarkomatös umgewandeltes Neurinom erkennen. Bei der histologischen Untersuchung haben Verff. die Achsenzylinder durch Bielschowskys Versilberung, die Markscheiden durch Kultschitzkys Methode, das Fibrin durch Weigerts Methode, die kollagenen Fasern durch v. Giesons und Mallorys Methode untersucht. Besonders haben Verff. Hamazakis Isolationsmethode (siehe Virch. Arch. Bd. 295!) mit Zelloidinschnitt eingehend angewendet. Die Resultate lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Das Neurinomgewebe zeigt bei Hamazakis Isolationsmethode ganz ausgezeichneten Widerstand gegen Alkaliwirkung und lässt eine Menge von markscheidenähnlichen Fasern mit Doppelstruktur (s. Abb. Nr. 4!) isolieren, während das Fibromgewebe durch die Alkaliwirkung zerstort wird. Dadurch lässt sich die Differenzierung in Neurinom und Fibrom leicht konstatieren. In der Literatur finden sich fast keine Angaben über die Gewebesimitation von Neurinomzellen. Soweit ven Imitation die Rede ist wird lediglich die Nervenfaserimitation angedeutet. Hat aber Verocays Theorie der geschwulstmässigen Wucherung der Schwannschen Zellen wirklich recht, so können die Geschwulstzellen nach der allgemeinen onkologischen Regel eine Imitation der Schwannschen Scheiden bezw. der Markscheiden darstellen, soweit sie keine Malignität aufweisen Hier muss eine grosse Lucke in den früheren Arbeiten vorhanden sein. Nach den Angaben der Literatur und den Resultaten der Verfasser ergibt sich kein positiver Befund bei der Markscheiden- und Gliafärbung, aber eine nur geringe Zahl von zarten Achsenzylindern, die im allgemeinen als keine echten Geschwulstbestandtelle zu betrachten sind, sind nachweisbar. v. Giesons und Mallorys Farbung, die Verrocay und Antoni für das Neurinomstudium überwiegend verwendet haben, sind wie bekannt keine spezifischen Färbungen für Nervengewebe, insbesondere für Geschwulstgewebe. Demgemäß gibt es bis jetzt keinen sicheren Beweis dafür, daß das Neurinom keine Bindesubstanzgeschwulst, sondern eine Nervengeschwulst ist. Das muß die Ursache sein, daß die Ansichten über das Wesen des Neurinoms heute noch auseinandergehen. Daß die Neurinomzellen prinzipiell die markscheidenähnlichen Fasern ohne Achsenzylinder bilden, haben Verff. durch die Isolationsmethode festgestellt und gleichzeitig die nervöse Natur des Neurinoms verbürgt. Weil das Wort, Neurinom " terminolgisch vielfach umstritten ist, ist an seiner Stelle "Lemmom" (Antoni und Froboese) oder "Schwannon" (Verocay) besser zu empfehlen. Die Zysten des Neurinoms entstehen durch Lymphansammlung in die präexistierende Gewebslucke (s. Abb. 9!) und die Zystenbildung kann als die primäre Erscheinungsform des Geschwülstgewebes betrachtet werden. Der gelatinöse oder schleimige Inhalt der Zysten ist nichts anderes als eine sekundäre Veränderung durch die Entartung des Tumorgewebes (s. Erklärung der Abbildungen !

Metric perturbations at reheating: the use of spherical symmetry

We consider decay of the inflaton with a quartic potential coupled to other fields, including gravity, but restricted to spherical symmetry. We describe analytically an early, quasilinear regime, during which inflaton fluctuations and the metric functions are driven by nonlinear effects of the decay products. We present a detailed study of the leading nonlinear effects in this regime. Results of the quasilinear approximation, in its domain of applicability, are found to be consistent with those of fully nonlinear lattice studies. We discuss how these results may be promoted to the full three dimensions.Comment: 18 pages, revtex, 2 figure

Massless Metric Preheating

Can super-Hubble metric perturbations be amplified exponentially during preheating ? Yes. An analytical existence proof is provided by exploiting the conformal properties of massless inflationary models. The traditional conserved quantity \zeta is non-conserved in many regions of parameter space. We include backreaction through the homogeneous parts of the inflaton and preheating fields and discuss the role of initial conditions on the post-preheating power-spectrum. Maximum field variances are strongly underestimated if metric perturbations are ignored. We illustrate this in the case of strong self-interaction of the decay products. Without metric perturbations, preheating in this case is very inefficient. However, metric perturbations increase the maximum field variances and give alternative channels for the resonance to proceed. This implies that metric perturbations can have a large impact on calculations of relic abundances of particles produced during preheating.Comment: 8 pages, 4 colour figures. Version to appear in Phys. Rev. D. Contains substantial new analysis of the ranges of parameter space for which large changes to the inflation-produced power spectrum are expecte

Cosmological Perturbations with Multiple Fluids and Fields

We consider the evolution of perturbed cosmological spacetime with multiple fluids and fields in Einstein gravity. Equations are presented in gauge-ready forms, and are presented in various forms using the curvature (\Phi or \phi_\chi) and isocurvature (S_{(ij)} or \delta \phi_{(ij)}) perturbation variables in the general background with K and \Lambda. We clarify the conditions for conserved curvature and isocurvature perturbations in the large-scale limit. Evolutions of curvature perturbations in many different gauge conditions are analysed extensively. In the multi-field system we present a general solution to the linear order in slow-roll parameters.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, revised thoroughly; published version in Class. Quant. Gra

Peritraumatic Distress, Watching Television, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Rescue Workers after the Great East Japan Earthquake

BACKGROUND: The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2001 left around 20,000 dead or missing. Previous studies showed that rescue workers, as well as survivors, of disasters are at high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined the predictive usefulness of the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) among rescue workers of Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs) deployed during the acute disaster phase of the Great East Japan Earthquake. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this prospective observational study, the DMAT members recruited were assessed 1 month after the earthquake on the PDI and 4 months after the earthquake on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised to determine PTSD symptoms. The predictive value of the PDI at initial assessment for PTSD symptoms at the follow-up assessment was examined by univariate and multiple linear regression analysis. Of the 254 rescue workers who participated in the initial assessment, 173 completed the follow-up assessment. Univariate regression analysis revealed that PDI total score and most individual item scores predicted PTSD symptoms. In particular, high predictive values were seen for peritraumatic emotional distress such as losing control of emotions and being ashamed of emotional reactions. In multiple linear regression analysis, PDI total score was an independent predictor for PTSD symptoms after adjusting for covariates. As for covariates specifically, watching earthquake television news reports for more than 4 hours per day predicted PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The PDI predicted PTSD symptoms in rescue workers after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Peritraumatic emotional distress appears to be an important factor to screen for individuals at risk for developing PTSD among medical rescue workers. In addition, watching television for extended period of time might require attention at a time of crisis

The degradation of p53 and its major E3 ligase Mdm2 is differentially dependent on the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor S5a.

p53 and its major E3 ligase Mdm2 are both ubiquitinated and targeted to the proteasome for degradation. Despite the importance of this in regulating the p53 pathway, little is known about the mechanisms of proteasomal recognition of ubiquitinated p53 and Mdm2. In this study, we show that knockdown of the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor S5a/PSMD4/Rpn10 inhibits p53 protein degradation and results in the accumulation of ubiquitinated p53. Overexpression of a dominant-negative deletion of S5a lacking its ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIM)s, but which can be incorporated into the proteasome, also causes the stabilization of p53. Furthermore, small-interferring RNA (siRNA) rescue experiments confirm that the UIMs of S5a are required for the maintenance of low p53 levels. These observations indicate that S5a participates in the recognition of ubiquitinated p53 by the proteasome. In contrast, targeting S5a has no effect on the rate of degradation of Mdm2, indicating that proteasomal recognition of Mdm2 can be mediated by an S5a-independent pathway. S5a knockdown results in an increase in the transcriptional activity of p53. The selective stabilization of p53 and not Mdm2 provides a mechanism for p53 activation. Depletion of S5a causes a p53-dependent decrease in cell proliferation, demonstrating that p53 can have a dominant role in the response to targeting S5a. This study provides evidence for alternative pathways of proteasomal recognition of p53 and Mdm2. Differences in recognition by the proteasome could provide a means to modulate the relative stability of p53 and Mdm2 in response to cellular signals. In addition, they could be exploited for p53-activating therapies. This work shows that the degradation of proteins by the proteasome can be selectively dependent on S5a in human cells, and that this selectivity can extend to an E3 ubiquitin ligase and its substrate