Kafala and Social Reproduction: Migration Governance Regimes and Labour Relations in the Gulf

With its roots in a system of imperial labour governance that ‘delegated responsibility over the conduct of individuals to other parties’ (AlShehabi 2019), kafala has often been understood as a policy by which states in the Gulf regulate, police, and exploit migrant labour. This chapter instead works to develop a concept of kafala as a migration governance regime, a way for states to integrate citizens as actors in the migration governance complex and, in doing so, obfuscate questions of accountability, transparency, and regulation. This is most keenly seen in the case of domestic workers who stand to benefit the least from recent reforms to kafala across the region. By focusing on the ways that kafala integrates individual households into the migration governance complex, this chapter aims to foreground the importance of the socially reproductive work done by migrant labourers to the Gulf, and attempts to explain the mechanisms through which their work sits outside the purview of the state’s governance of migrant labourers to the Gulf. The chapter attempts to explain the mechanisms through which domestic work is often excluded from wider considerations regarding migrant labour, even as domestic work is the most common form that migrant labour takes

Shaping Ability of XP Endo Shaper File in Curved Root Canal Models

The aim of this study was to assess the shaping ability of the XP Shaper (XPS) file in severely curved canal models under simulated body temperature and compare it with that of the WaveOne Gold (WOG) file. Ninety-six simulated root canals were equally distributed into XPS and WOG systems to be shaped by eight files each. Files were assessed under a stereomicroscope prior to canal shaping to detect deformation if any. The canals were shaped at 35 ± 1°C using the X-Smart Plus motor. Images of the canals were obtained before and after instrumentation using a stereomicroscope to measure the amount of removed resin from both the inner and outer curvature sides at apex (0 mm) and 3 mm and 6 mm from the apex. The shaping time was calculated. The data were statistically analyzed by the independent t-test at 5% significance level. The XPS and WOG systems shaped the canals in 37.0 ± 9.5 and 62.6 ± 11.3 seconds (P0.05). At 3 mm and 6 mm levels, the WOG removed more resin than XPS at both sides (P<0.05). In XPS, deformation was observed in four files: one file after the first use, one file after the fourth use, and two files after the sixth use. In WOG, two files were deformed: one file after the fifth use and one file after the sixth use. One XPS file was fractured after the sixth use. In short, XPS and WOG files can be used in shaping severely curved canals as they showed the ability to maintain the original shape with minimal transportation. Both file systems showed signs of deformation after use with a lower number of deformed files observed in WOG throughout the experiment