Methods for estimating the density of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi Mitskevich (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) larvae in faeces from reindeer, Rangifer tarandus L.

A method for estimating the density of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae in reindeer faeces that have been deep frozen is described. The method involves the use of an inverted microscope with plankton counting chambers. Statistical data on the efficiency and sensitivity of the method are given. With fresh faeces, the results obtained with the method were not significantly different from those obtained with the Baermann technique. With faeces that had been stored in deep freeze, the method detected on average 30 per cent more larvae than the Baermann technique.Metoder for å estimere tettheten av hjernemarklarver i avføring fra reinsdyr.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: En metode for å estimere tettheten av hjernemarklarver i avføring som har vært dypfryst blir beskrevet. Anvendelse av et invertert mikroskop med plankton tellekammer inngår i metoden. Det blir gitt statistiske data for metodens effektivitet og følsomhet. Ved undersøkelse av fersk avføring skilte ikke de resultatene metoden ga seg fra de som ble oppnådd med Baermanns metode. Ved undersøkelse av avføring som hadde vært lagret dypfrosset ga metoden i gjennomsnitt 30 prosent flere larver enn Baermanns metode

EFEKTIVITAS IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM MANAJEMEN MUTU ISO 9001:2008 DI MAN 2 MODEL PEKANBARU

Penelitian ini berjudul efektivitas implementasi sistem manajemen mutu ISO 9001:2008 di MAN 2 Model Pekanbaru. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Efektivitas Implementasi Sistem Manajemen Mutu ISO 9001:2008 di MAN 2 Model Pekanbaru. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi, dengan peneliti sebagai instrument kunci. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan purposive sampling yaitu peneliti menunjuk secara langsung informan yang dianggap dapat memberikan informasi akurat. Uji keabsahan data dilakukan dengan uji reliabilitas dan validitas. Dari hasil analisis deskriptif dengan strategi triangulasi diperoleh pemenuhan klausul ISO 9001:2008 oleh MAN 2 Model Pekanbaru secara garis besar yaitu: 1) Penetapan perencanaan; 2) Pelaksanaan; 3) Pemeriksaan Proses; dan 4) Rencana tindak lanjut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi sistem manajemen mutu ISO 9001:2008 sudah berjalan efektif. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari presentase tercapainya target sasaran-sasaran mutu yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya, dari sembilan target yang ditentukan, hanya ada satu target sasaran mutu yang tidak dapat dicapai, dengan arti sekitar 90% target sasaran mutu dapat tercapai sesuai dengan jangka waktunya. Serta dari rekapitulasi hasil audit internal ditemukan bahwa presentase ketidaksesuaian mengalami penurunan setiap tahunnya. ;---This study, entitled the effectiveness of the implementation of the quality management system ISO 9001: 2008 in MAN 2 Model Pekanbaru. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of implementation of the Quality Management System ISO 9001: 2008 in MAN 2 Model Pekanbaru. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation study, by researchers as a key instrument. The sampling technique in this study using purposive sampling that researchers pointed directly informant who was supposed to provide accurate information. Test the validity of the data is done with reliability and validity testing. Descriptive analysis of the results obtained by triangulation strategy fulfillment of the clauses of ISO 9001: 2008 by MAN 2 Model Pekanbaru outline namely: 1) Establishment of planning; 2) Implementation; 3) Examination Process; and 4) follow-up plan. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the quality management system ISO 9001: 2008 has been running effectively. It can be seen from the percentage achieving the target goals established quality before, from nine targets set, there is only one target quality objectives can not be achieved, meaning about 90% of target quality objectives can be achieved in accordance with the time period. As well as of the recapitulation of the internal audit found that the percentage of non-conformity has decreased every year

Congruent responses to weather variability in high arctic herbivores

Assessing the role of weather in the dynamics of wildlife populations is a pressing task in the face of rapid environmental change. Rodents and ruminants are abundant herbivore species in most Arctic ecosystems, many of which are experiencing particularly rapid climate change. Their different life-history characteristics, with the exception of their trophic position, suggest that they should show different responses to environmental variation. Here we show that the only mammalian herbivores on the Arctic islands of Svalbard, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and sibling voles (Microtus levis), exhibit strong synchrony in population parameters. This synchrony is due to rain-on-snow events that cause ground ice and demonstrates that climate impacts can be similarly integrated and expressed in species with highly contrasting life histories. The finding suggests that responses of wildlife populations to climate variability and change might be more consistent in Polar regions than elsewhere owing to the strength of the climate impact and the simplicity of the ecosystem

Contrasting effects of summer and winter warming onbody mass explain population dynamics in a food-limitedArctic herbivore

-The cumulative effects of climate warming on herbivore vital rates and population dynamics are hard to predict, given that the expected effects differ between seasons. In the Arctic, warmer summers enhance plant growth which should lead to heavier and more fertile individuals in the autumn. Conversely, warm spells in winter with rainfall (rain-on-snow) can cause ‘icing’, restricting access to forage, resulting in starvation, lower survival and fecundity. As body condition is a ‘barometer’ of energy demands relative to energy intake, we explored the causes and consequences of variation in body mass of wild female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) from 1994 to 2015, a period of marked climate warming. Late winter (April) body mass explained 88% of the between-year variation in population growth rate, because it strongly influenced reproductive loss, and hence subsequent fecundity (92%), as well as survival (94%) and recruitment (93%). Autumn (October) body mass affected ovulation rates but did not affect fecundity. April body mass showed no long-term trend (coefficient of variation, CV = 8.8%) and was higher following warm autumn (October) weather, reflecting delays in winter onset, but most strongly, and negatively, related to ‘rain-on-snow’ events. October body mass (CV = 2.5%) increased over the study due to higher plant productivity in the increasingly warm summers. Density-dependent mass change suggested competition for resources in both winter and summer but was less pronounced in recent years, despite an increasing population size. While continued climate warming is expected to increase the carrying capacity of the high Arctic tundra, it is also likely to cause more frequent icing events. Our analyses suggest that these contrasting effects may cause larger seasonal fluctuations in body mass and vital rates. Overall our findings provide an important ‘missing’ mechanistic link in the current understanding of the population biology of a keystone species in a rapidly warming Arctic. Keywords: climate change, density dependence, extreme events, icing, nutrition, primary production, Rangifer, reindeer, Svalbard, weathe

The prognostic effect of KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung carcinoma revisited: A norwegian multicentre study

Background: due to emerging therapeutics targeting KRAS G12C and previous reports with conflicting results regarding the prognostic impact of KRAS and KRAS G12C in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we aimed to investigate the frequency of KRAS mutations and their associations with clinical characteristics and outcome. Since mutation subtypes have different preferences for downstream pathways, we also aimed to investigate whether there were differences in outcome according to mutation preference for the Raf, PI3K/Akt, or RalGDS/Ral pathways. Methods: retrospectively, clinicopathological data from 1233 stage I–IV non-squamous NSCLC patients with known KRAS status were reviewed. KRAS’ associations with clinical characteristics were analysed. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed for the following groups: KRAS wild type (wt) versus mutated, KRAS wt versus KRAS G12C versus KRAS non-G12C, among KRAS mutation subtypes and among mutation subtypes grouped according to preference for downstream pathways. Results: a total of 1117 patients were included; 38% had KRAS mutated tumours, 17% had G12C. Among KRAS mutated, G12C was the most frequent mutation in former/current smokers (45%) and G12D in never smokers (46%). There were no significant differences in survival according to KRAS status, G12C status, among KRAS mutation subtypes or mutation preference for downstream pathways. Conclusion: KRAS status or KRAS mutation subtype did not have any significant influence on PFS or OS

Methods for estimating the density of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi Mitskevich (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) larvae in faeces from reindeer, Rangifer tarandus L.

A method for estimating the density of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae in reindeer faeces that have been deep frozen is described. The method involves the use of an inverted microscope with plankton counting chambers. Statistical data on the efficiency and sensitivity of the method are given. With fresh faeces, the results obtained with the method were not significantly different from those obtained with the Baermann technique. With faeces that had been stored in deep freeze, the method detected on average 30 per cent more larvae than the Baermann technique. Metoder for å estimere tettheten av hjernemarklarver i avføring fra reinsdyr. Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: En metode for å estimere tettheten av hjernemarklarver i avføring som har vært dypfryst blir beskrevet. Anvendelse av et invertert mikroskop med plankton tellekammer inngår i metoden. Det blir gitt statistiske data for metodens effektivitet og følsomhet. Ved undersøkelse av fersk avføring skilte ikke de resultatene metoden ga seg fra de som ble oppnådd med Baermanns metode. Ved undersøkelse av avføring som hadde vært lagret dypfrosset ga metoden i gjennomsnitt 30 prosent flere larver enn Baermanns metode