Haematalogical investigations in children

The haematology laboratory is able to perform a number of tests to help establish the cause of illness in children. The full blood count (FBC, also known as a complete blood count, CBC) is one of the most basic blood tests performed on children attending hospital or a primary care clinic. All doctors should therefore have an understanding of how the test is performed, possible pitfalls, be able to interpret results and know when more specialised testing or advice is required. Other haematological investigations in routine use include coagulation screens, blood film examination, reticulocyte counts and methods for estimation of iron stores and detection of abnormal haemoglobins. This section will focus on these basic tests and simple algorithms for the subsequent investigation and differential diagnosis of the commonest haemato-logical abnormalities encountered in general paediatric practice. The reader is referred to Chapter 15 for an account of the clinical presentation and management of primary haematological disorders in children

Granular gravitational collapse and chute flow

Inelastic grains in a flow under gravitation tend to collapse into states in which the relative normal velocities of two neighboring grains is zero. If the time scale for this gravitational collapse is shorter than inverse strain rates in the flow, we propose that this collapse will lead to the formation of ``granular eddies", large scale condensed structures of particles moving coherently with one another. The scale of these eddies is determined by the gradient of the strain rate. Applying these concepts to chute flow of granular media, (gravitationally driven flow down inclined planes) we predict the existence of a bulk flow region whose rheology is determined only by flow density. This theory yields the experimental ``Pouliquen flow rule", correlating different chute flows; it also correctly accounts for the different flow regimes observed.Comment: LaTeX2e with epl class, 7 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Europhysics Letter

High-Dimensional Diffusive Growth

We consider a model of aggregation, both diffusion-limited and ballistic, based on the Cayley tree. Growth is from the leaves of the tree towards the root, leading to non-trivial screening and branch competition effects. The model exhibits a phase transition between ballistic and diffusion-controlled growth, with non-trivial corrections to cluster size at the critical point. Even in the ballistic regime, cluster scaling is controlled by extremal statistics due to the branching structure of the Cayley tree; it is the extremal nature of the fluctuations that enables us to solve the model.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures; reference adde

Multifractal Dimensions for Branched Growth

A recently proposed theory for diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), which models this system as a random branched growth process, is reviewed. Like DLA, this process is stochastic, and ensemble averaging is needed in order to define multifractal dimensions. In an earlier work [T. C. Halsey and M. Leibig, Phys. Rev. A46, 7793 (1992)], annealed average dimensions were computed for this model. In this paper, we compute the quenched average dimensions, which are expected to apply to typical members of the ensemble. We develop a perturbative expansion for the average of the logarithm of the multifractal partition function; the leading and sub-leading divergent terms in this expansion are then resummed to all orders. The result is that in the limit where the number of particles n -> \infty, the quenched and annealed dimensions are {\it identical}; however, the attainment of this limit requires enormous values of n. At smaller, more realistic values of n, the apparent quenched dimensions differ from the annealed dimensions. We interpret these results to mean that while multifractality as an ensemble property of random branched growth (and hence of DLA) is quite robust, it subtly fails for typical members of the ensemble.Comment: 82 pages, 24 included figures in 16 files, 1 included tabl

Branched Growth with η≈4\eta \approx 4 Walkers

Diffusion-limited aggregation has a natural generalization to the "$\eta$-models", in which $\eta$ random walkers must arrive at a point on the cluster surface in order for growth to occur. It has recently been proposed that in spatial dimensionality $d=2$, there is an upper critical $\eta_c=4$ above which the fractal dimensionality of the clusters is D=1. I compute the first order correction to $D$ for $\eta <4$, obtaining $D=1+{1/2}(4-\eta)$. The methods used can also determine multifractal dimensions to first order in $4-\eta$.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur

WHO LIVES, WHO DIES, WHO TELLS YOUR STORY: A CASE STUDY OF HAMILTON: AN AMERICAN MUSICAL TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF ENGAGING THE PAST IN THE CULTURE OF TODAY

This thesis is a look into how Alexander Hamilton has been portrayed on stage in the musical Hamilton: An American Musical, written by Lin-Manuel Miranda. The goal of this research is to show that this musical is not history, but rather a commentary on current culture through one of America’s favorite stories (that of the Revolution.) In this show, past figures have been used to discuss the issues of modern America, and that is now being sold as history. This has been discovered through the analysis of primary and secondary sources of the time period, as well as through a listening to and understanding of the show. Through this analysis, it can be seen that anachronism is a real and present danger in the study of history, as modern ideas influence the story being told. While historically based art can be beautiful, it is often shaped into the story writers wish to tell rather than what had occurred

Effect of weak disorder in the Fully Frustrated XY model

The critical behaviour of the Fully Frustrated XY model in presence of weak positional disorder is studied in a square lattice by Monte Carlo methods. The critical exponent associated to the divergence of the chiral correlation length is found to be equal to 1.7 already at very small values of disorder. Furthermore the helicity modulus jump is found larger than the universal value expected in the XY model.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures (revtex

Crossing the threshold : an analysis of IBRD graduation policy

According to World Bank policy, countries remain eligible to borrow from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development until they are able to sustain long-term development without further recourse to Bank financing. Graduation from the Bank is not an automatic consequence of reaching a particular income level, but rather is supposed to be based on a determination of whether the country has reached a level of institutional development and capital-market access that enables it to sustain its own development process without recourse to Bank funding. This paper assesses how International Bank for Reconstruction and Development graduation policy operates in practice, investigating what income and non-income factors appear to have influenced graduation decisions in recent decades, based on panel data for 1982 through 2008. Explanatory variables include the per-capita income of the country, as well as measures of institutional development and market access that are cited as criteria by the graduation policy, and other plausible explanatory variables that capture the levels of economic development and vulnerability of the country. The authors find that the observed correlates of Bank graduation are generally consistent with the stated policy. Countries that are wealthier, more creditworthy, more institutionally developed, and less vulnerable to shocks are more likely to have graduated. Predicted probabilities generated by the model correspond closely to the actual graduation and de-graduation experiences of most countries (such as Korea and Trinidad and Tobago), and suggest that Hungary and Latvia may have graduated prematurely -- a prediction consistent with their subsequent return to borrowing from the Bank in the wake of the global financial crisis.Economic Theory&Research,Emerging Markets,Banks&Banking Reform,Labor Policies,Debt Markets