Uncertain inflation and price-level rules

An analysis of the sources and costs of unpredictable inflation, finding that the uncertainty stems from a lack of appropriate constraints on the monetary policy process, and that the costs could be sharply reduced by adopting a policy that targets a long-run path for the price level.Inflation (Finance) ; Prices

Has the long-run velocity of M2 shifted? Evidence from the P* model

An examination of one of the P-Star model's primary assumptions: the constancy of M2's long-run velocity, or V-Star. Using actual data through the end of 1992, the authors find that simulations of the model under a variety of hypotheses regarding changes in V-Star provide little support for a dramatic shift in that measure.Inflation (Finance) ; Money supply ; Velocity of money

Integrating business and personal income taxes

An examination of the problems surrounding the current corporate tax system, including a detailed look at several reform proposals from the Treasury Department.Corporations - Taxation ; Income tax

Chandra Observation of the Merging Cluster A168: A Late Stage in the Evolution of a Cold Front

We present Chandra observations of the cool cluster A168, for which previous X-ray imaging and optical studies indicated a merger of two subclusters nearly in the plane of the sky. We derive a temperature map for A168, which shows that the merger has proceeded beyond the core passage and is near subcluster turnaround. It also reveals an unusual feature -- the gas core of one of the subclusters forms a tongue-like structure extending ahead (in the direction of motion) of the subcluster center. The coolest cluster gas is found in a crescent-shaped region at the tip of this tongue, and forms a cold front in pressure equilibrium with the external gas. In contrast with this feature's forward location, previously observed merger cold fronts (e.g., A3667, 1E0657--56) lagged behind their host subclusters, as expected in the presense of ram pressure. We propose that A168 illustrates a much later stage in the evolution of a cold front, when its host subcluster approaches the apocenter of the merger orbit where the ram pressure on its gas drops sharply. As a result, a large chunk of the subcluster gas ``slingshots'' past the dark matter center, becomes unbound from the subcluster and expands adiabatically, as seen in some recent hydrodynamic simulations.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, to be published in ApJ Letter

ABSTRACT VS. CONCRETE MINDSETS IN MORAL INJURY

In the present study, we examined whether adopting an abstract versus a concrete mindset would influence maladaptive outcomes of potentially morally injurious events. Through the use of a hypothetical potentially morally injurious situation, researchers investigated two different construal level manipulations to determine if one would lessen the maladaptive outcomes that can result from being involved in such an experience. This study included 116 participants recruited from Amazon’s MTurk. Participants completed a survey in which they were randomly assigned to either the concrete or abstract processing condition and answered a series of questions related to the experience of moral emotions (i.e., shame and guilt), moral injury, and their moral identity. It was found that those in the concrete condition reported experiencing significantly less moral injury and weaker moral identity for symbolization than did those in the abstract processing condition. There were no significant differences found across conditions for either of the moral emotion measures nor moral identity for internalization. The findings of the study suggest that the maladaptive outcomes that can result from experiencing a potentially morally injurious event can be lessened by processing the event in a concrete manner. Implications of the findings are discussed

PART ONE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE DREAMING STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Dreaming has been well studied by psychologists, anthropologists and neurophysiologists. Yet few models to date have really attempted to explain the spatial domain, temporal zone and energetic substances of the dream state. Space, time and energy are all important concepts studied in physics. This paper presents a useful model by implementing some pertinent ideas from theoretical physics and mathematics to explain how the waking and dreaming states can be directly experienced through multiple dimensions of both space and time. Furthermore, these dimensions are accessed almost effortlessly simply by shifting into other states of consciousness that closely resemble waking and dreaming. Such states include hypnagogic, hypnopompic, reverie and day-dreaming. Although the realm of each of these discrete states has a distinct uniqueness, experiencing perceptual imagery is what all of these states share in common. In this multidimensional model, sensation and imagination represent two vital abilities of perception

PART THREE: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE DECEASED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Cardiac arrest and the near-death experience are two closely related phenomena. Some people who survived cardiac arrest reported experiencing an extraordinary realm that includes a dark tunnel and a brilliant light. To map out this unique realm, a multidimensional model is presented to help explain how people can experience a variety of physical phenomena during the dying process. Beyond this bio-physical model, there is a psycho-spiritual realm that will also be discussed in this paper. To learn more about the connection between the bio-physical and psycho-spiritual, and why they are ultimately unified, a couple of methods are presented for studying any state of consciousness or stream of awareness. This is followed by a model summarizing the primary functions and essential abilities of consciousness

PART TWO: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE RELEASED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Astral projecttion and out-of-body experience are two phenomena that very few researchers of consciousness have attempted to really understand. Although numerous people of multiple cuirures from all over the world have reported these phenomena, epistemologists have yet to formulate any satisfactory theories or models that map out rhese experiences. This paper provides a working model of these experiences by urilizing multiple dimensions of motion, space and rime. Besides sensation and imagination, a vital ability of perceprion that is highly emphasized in this multidimensional model is emotion