The Effect of Vitamin D Treatment on Serum Adiponectin Levels in Children with Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets

Objective: Adiponectin and its receptors are known to be expressed in osteoblasts and may have important functions in normal bone cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D therapy on serum adiponectin levels in children with vitamin D deficiency rickets (VDDR)

Türkiye’de Aile Hekimliğine Geçiş Sürecinde Birinci Basamak Sağlık Kuruluşlarının Verimliliği

Türk sağlık sistemi 2003 yılında başlatılan Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programıyla (SDP), reform olarak adlandırılan köklü bir değişiklik geçirmiştir. SDP’yle birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumundaki ve organizasyonundaki yönetim anlayışı yeniden tasarlanmış ve Aile Hekimliği (AH) sistemine uygulamaya konulmuştur. Aile Hekimliği sistemi sayesinde, Türkiye’de birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerine ulaşımının kolaylaştırılması, birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşlarında kalitenin ve etkinliğin arttırılması planlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, AH sistemi öncesi ve sonrasında, birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşlarından sağlık ocaklarının ve aile sağlığı merkezlerinin etkinliğini iller bazında değerlendirmektir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, AH sonrasında aile sağlığı merkezlerinin teknik etkinliği artmıştır. Fakat teknolojideki artışın çok fazla olmadığı, buna bağlı olarak toplam faktör verimliliğinde önemli bir iyileşme olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır

Education Effects on Days Hospitalized and Days Out of Work by Gender: Evidence from Turkey

The strong relationship between various health indicators and education is widely documented. However, the studies that investigate the nature of causality between these variables became available only recently and provide evidence mostly from developed countries. We add to this literature by studying the causal effect of education on days hospitalized and days out of work for health reasons. We consider two educational reforms. One is the educational expansion of the early 1960s and the other is the 1997 increase in compulsory level of schooling from five to eight years. However, due to the possibility of weak instruments we do not further pursue this avenue. We focus on individuals in two cohorts namely, 1945-1965 which is an older cohort and 1980-1980 which is a younger cohort. We estimate Tobit models as well as Double Hurdle models. The results suggest that an increase in years of education causes to reduce the number of days hospitalized for both men and women unambiguously and the number of days out of work only for men while an increase in education increases the number of days out of work for a randomly selected women

Public versus Private Sector Wage Gap in Egypt: Evidence from Quantile Regression on Panel Data

This paper considers the public and private sector wage earners in Egypt and examines their wage distribution during 1998-2012 using Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. We estimate the public-private sector wage gap with Mincer wage equations both at the mean and at different quantiles of the wage distribution. In this process we take into account observable and unobservable characteristics of the individuals using the panel feature of the data with a fixed effects model. We address sector of employment selection issue for both males and females. We find that there is very little evidence of sample selection in our data. Therefore, we present both the selection corrected results and the results with no selection correction. We find a persistent public sector wage penalty for males and public sector wage premium for females in the face of extensive sensitivity checks. They are larger when unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account for males but insignificant for females. They are similar across the quantiles for males but, smaller at the top than at the bottom of the conditional wage distribution for females. We further examine the public sector wage gap over time and in different sub-groups according to age and education. The public sector wage penalty for males has decreased recently over time and is larger for the better educated and younger. We also find substantial regional differences in public sector wage gap for males

Is There an Informal Employment Wage Penalty in Egypt?

This paper considers the private sector wage earners in Egypt and examine their wage distribution during 1998-2012 using Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. We first estimate Mincer wage equations both at the mean and at different quantiles of the wage distribution taking into account observable characteristics. Then we make use of the panel feature of the data and estimate models taking into account unobservable characteristics. We also consider the possibility of nonlinearity in covariate effects and estimate a variant of matching models. In all cases we find a persistent informal wage penalty in the face of extensive sensitivity checks. It is smaller when unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account and larger at the top than at the bottom of the conditional wage distribution. We also examine the informal wage penalty over time during the study period and in different groups according to experience and education. The informal wage penalty has increased recently over time and is larger for the better educated but smaller for the more experienced

Is There an Informal Employment Wage Penalty in Egypt?

This paper considers the private sector wage earners in Egypt and examine their wage distribution during 1998-2012 using Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. We first estimate Mincer wage equations both at the mean and at different quantiles of the wage distribution taking into account observable characteristics. Then we make use of the panel feature of the data and estimate models taking into account unobservable characteristics. We also consider the possibility of nonlinearity in covariate effects and estimate a variant of matching models. In all cases we find a persistent informal wage penalty in the face of extensive sensitivity checks. It is smaller when unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account and larger at the top than at the bottom of the conditional wage distribution. We also examine the informal wage penalty over time during the study period and in different groups according to experience and education. The informal wage penalty has increased recently over time and is larger for the better educated but smaller for the more experienced

IS THERE AN INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT WAGE PENALTY IN EGYPT?

This paper considers the private sector wage earners in Egypt and examine their wage distribution during 1998-2012 using Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. We first estimate Mincer wage equations both at the mean and at different quantiles of the wage distribution taking into account observable characteristics. Then we make use of the panel feature of the data and estimate models taking into account unobservable characteristics. We also consider the possibility of nonlinearity in covariate effects and estimate a variant of matching models. In all cases we find a persistent informal wage penalty in the face of extensive sensitivity checks. It is smaller when unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account and larger at the top than at the bottom of the conditional wage distribution. We also examine the informal wage penalty over time during the study period and in different groups according to experience and education. The informal wage penalty has increased recently over time and is larger for the better educated but smaller for the more experienced